Related papers: Genetic Code: Four-Codon and Non-Four-Codon Degene…
Significant fraction (98.5% in humans) of most animal genomes is non- coding dark matter. Its largely unknown function (1-5) is related to programming (rather than to spontaneous mutations) of accurate adaptation to rapidly changing…
Recently, the bond lengths of the molecular components of nucleic acids and of caffeine and related molecules were shown to be sums of the appropriate covalent radii of the adjacent atoms. Thus, each atom was shown to have its specific…
In several recent papers new gene-detection algorithms were proposed for detecting protein-coding regions without requiring learning dataset of already known genes. The fact that unsupervised gene-detection is possible closely connected to…
We present a structural data set of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their amino-methylated and acetylated (capped) dipeptides. Different protonation states of the backbone (uncharged and zwitterionic) were considered for the amino…
A nucleotides sequence is identified, in the two (four) letters alphabet, by the the labels of a vector state of an irreducible representation of U_q(sl(2)) (U_q(sl(2) + sl(2))), in the limit q -> 0. A master equation for the distribution…
The standard genetic code is known to be robust to translation errors and point mutations. We studied how small modifications of the standard code affect its robustness. The robustness was assessed in terms of a proper stability function,…
A new n-dimensional vector space of the DNA sequences on the Galois field of the 64 codons (GF(64)) is proposed. In this vector space gene mutations can be considered linear transformations or translations of the wild type gene. In…
Constacyclic codes are important classes of linear codes that have been applied to the construction of quantum codes. Six new families of asymmetric quantum codes derived from constacyclic codes are constructed in this paper. Moreover, the…
We have presented the basic knowledge on the structure of molecules coding the genetic information, mechanisms of transfer of this information from DNA to proteins and phenomena connected with replication of DNA. In particular, we have…
Statistical tests were conducted on 1,000 numbers generated from the genome of Bacteriophage T4, obtained from GenBank with accession number AF158101.The numbers passed the non-parametric, distribution-free tests.Deoxyribonucleic acid was…
The Kronecker family of the genetic matrices is investigated, which is based on the genetic matrix [C T; A G], where C, T, A, G are the letters of the genetic alphabet. The matrix [C T; A G] in the second Kronecker power is the (4*4)-matrix…
We present a geometrical analysis of the protrusion statistics of side chains in more than 4,000 high-resolution protein structures. We employ a coarse-grained representation of the protein backbone viewed as a linear chain of C{\alpha}…
A simple explanation for the symmetry and degeneracy of the genetic code has been suggested. An alternative to the wobble hypothesis has been proposed. This hypothesis offers explanations for: i) the difference between thymine and uracil,…
Continuous-variable cat codes are encodings into a single photonic or phononic mode that offer a promising avenue for hardware-efficient fault-tolerant quantum computation. Protecting information in a cat code requires measuring the mode's…
The mean length and the variability of coding sequences for 48 genomes of bacteria and archaea were analyzed. It was found that the plotted data can be described by an angular area. This suggests the followings: a) The variability of a…
The genetic code is considered to be universal. In order to test if some statistical properties of the coding bacterial genome were due to inherent properties of the genetic code, we compared the autocorrelation function, the scaling…
Genetic Programming is an evolutionary algorithm that generates computer programs, or mathematical expressions, to solve complex problems. In this Guide, we demonstrate how to use Genetic Programming to develop surrogate models to mitigate…
Convolutional codes are constructed, designed and analysed using row and/or block structures of unit algebraic schemes. Infinite series of such codes and of codes with specific properties are derived. Properties are shown algebraically and…
A codon table is a useful tool for mapping codons to amino acids as they have been assigned by nature. It has become a scientific icon because of the way it embodies our understanding of this natural process and the way it immediately…
In this work, we study the DNA codes from the ring R = Z4 + wZ4, where w^2 = 2+2w with 16 elements. We establish a one to one correspondence between the elements of the ring R and all the DNA codewords of length 2 by defining a…