Related papers: Genetic Code: Four-Codon and Non-Four-Codon Degene…
By starting from the four DNA bases order in the Boolean lattice, a novel Lie Algebra of the genetic code is proposed. Here, the principal partitions of the genetic code table were obtained as equivalent classes of quotient subspaces of the…
Degeneracy is a salient feature of genetic codes, because there are more codons than amino acids. The conventional table for genetic codes suffers from an inability of illustrating a symmetrical nature among genetic base codes. In fact,…
Living organisms are the most complex, interesting and significant objects regarding all substructures of the universe. Life science is regarded as a science of the 21st century and one can expect great new discoveries in the near futures.…
Imposing a minimum principle in the framework of the so called crystal basis model of the genetic code, we determine the structure of the minimum set of 22 anticodons which allows the translational-transcription for animal mitochondrial…
Using basic properties of p-adic numbers, we consider a simple new approach to describe main aspects of DNA sequence and genetic code. Central role in our investigation plays an ultrametric p-adic information space which basic elements are…
We Propose 22 unique Solutions to the Genetic Code. An Alternative Cracking, from the Perspective of a Mathematician.
The genetic code is the function from the set of codons to the set of amino acids by which a DNA sequence encodes proteins. Since the codons also influence the shape of the DNA molecule itself, the same sequence that encodes a protein also…
The codons, sixtyfour in number, are distributed over the coding parts of DNA sequences. The distribution function is the plot of frequency-versus-rank of the codons. These distributions are characterised by parameters that are almost…
The standard genetic code is known to be much more efficient in minimizing adverse effects of misreading errors and one-point mutations in comparison with a random code having the same structure, i.e. the same number of codons coding for…
The GC-content is very variable in different genome regions and species but although many hypothesis we still do not know the reason why. Here we show that a relationship exists with the mutation rate, in particular we noticed a new…
We derive the amino acid assignment to one codon representation (typical 64-dimensional irreducible representation) of the basic classical Lie superalgebra osp(5|2) from biochemical arguments. We motivate the approach of mathematical…
The origin and organizing principles of the genetic code remain fundamental puzzles in life science. The vanishingly low probability of the natural codon-to-amino acid mapping arising by chance has spurred the hypothesis that its structure…
The structure of the genetic code is discussed in formal terms. A rectangular table of the code ("the code matrix"), whose properties reveal its arithmetical content tagged with the information symbols in several notations. New parameters…
New analyses of the organization of the genetic code system together with their relation to the two classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are reported in this work. A closer inspection revealed how the enzymes and the 20 amino acids of the…
The algebraic structures of the genetic code are most important to obtain additional information about the semantic code and its applications. In this paper we define two dual Boolean codon lattices of the genetic code using hydrogen bond…
We investigated the error-minimization properties of putative primordial codes that consisted of 16 supercodons, with the third base being completely redundant, using a previously derived cost function and the error minimization percentage…
The genetic code has a high level of error robustness. Using values of hydrophobicity scales as a proxy for amino acid character, and the Mean Square measure as a function quantifying error robustness, a value can be obtained for a genetic…
Much information is stored in amino acid composition of protein and base composition of DNA. We simulated the evolution of amino acid frequencies and genomic GC content by a linguistic model. It is showed that the evolution of genetic code…
How to represent the genetic code? Despite the fact that it is extensively known, the DNA mapping into proteins remains as one of the relevant discoveries of genetics. However, modern genomic signal processing usually requires converting…
The mathematical concept of q-deformations, in particular the one of qnumbers, is used to study the genetic code(s). After considering two kinds of q-numbers, for comparison, a phenomenological classification scheme of the genetic code…