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Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is an important technique for dimension reduction in functional data analysis (FDA). Classical FPCA method is based on the Karhunen-Lo\`{e}ve expansion, which assumes a linear structure of the…

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well-known linear dimension-reduction method that has been widely used in data analysis and modeling. It is an unsupervised learning technique that identifies a suitable linear subspace for the input…

A system with many degrees of freedom can be characterized by a covariance matrix; principal components analysis (PCA) focuses on the eigenvalues of this matrix, hoping to find a lower dimensional description. But when the spectrum is…

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is a widely used technique in functional data analysis for identifying the primary sources of variation in a sample of random curves. The eigenfunctions obtained from standard FPCA typically…

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a most frequently used statistical tool in almost all branches of data science. However, like many other statistical tools, there is sometimes the risk of misuse or even abuse. In this paper, we…

Principal Component analysis (PCA) is a useful statistical technique that is commonly used for multivariate analysis of correlated variables. It is usually applied as a dimension reduction method: the top principal components (PCs)…

In this brief note, we formulate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) over datasets consisting not of points but of distributions, characterized by their location and covariance. Just like the usual PCA on points can be equivalently derived…

Principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used for feature extraction and dimensionality reduction, with documented merits in diverse tasks involving high-dimensional data. Standard PCA copes with one dataset at a time, but it is…

Nowadays many real-world datasets can be considered as functional, in the sense that the processes which generate them are continuous. A fundamental property of this type of data is that in theory they belong to an infinite-dimensional…

We propose a new approach to analyze data that naturally lie on manifolds. We focus on a special class of manifolds, called direct product manifolds, whose intrinsic dimension could be very high. Our method finds a low-dimensional…

Principal component analysis (PCA) is often used to analyze multivariate data together with cluster analysis, which depends on the number of principal components used. It is therefore important to determine the number of significant…

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widespread technique for data analysis that relies on the covariance-correlation matrix of the analyzed data. However to properly work with high-dimensional data, PCA poses severe mathematical…

In this work, we develop a novel principal component analysis (PCA) for semimartingales by introducing a suitable spectral analysis for the quadratic variation operator. Motivated by high-dimensional complex systems typically found in…

Principal component analysis (PCA) is arguably the most popular tool in multivariate exploratory data analysis. In this paper, we consider the question of how to handle heterogeneous variables that include continuous, binary, and ordinal.…

When modeling multivariate data, one might have an extra parameter of contextual information that could be used to treat some observations as more similar to others. For example, images of faces can vary by age, and one would expect the…

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a classical method for reducing the dimensionality of data by projecting them onto a subspace that captures most of their variation. Effective use of PCA in modern applications requires understanding…

Data reconciliation (DR) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are two popular data analysis techniques in process industries. Data reconciliation is used to obtain accurate and consistent estimates of variables and parameters from…

We present a new straightforward principal component analysis (PCA) method based on the diagonalization of the weighted variance-covariance matrix through two spectral decomposition methods: power iteration and Rayleigh quotient iteration.…

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well-established method commonly used to explore and visualise data. A classical PCA model is the fixed effect model where data are generated as a fixed structure of low rank corrupted by noise. Under…

Principal component analysis (PCA) is arguably the most widely used approach for large-dimensional factor analysis. While it is effective when the factors are sufficiently strong, it can be inconsistent when the factors are weak and/or the…