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Bell inequalities exclude a broad class of local hidden-variable explanations of quantum correlations. A recurring objection is that the usual Bell form is static, whereas real measuring devices may contain local memory, stochastic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Ming Yang

Recent research on fair regression focused on developing new fairness notions and approximation methods as target variables and even the sensitive attribute are continuous in the regression setting. However, all previous fair regression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Wei Du , Xintao Wu , Hanghang Tong

Bell-type criteria of contextuality/nonlocality can be derived without any falsifiable assumptions, such as context-independent mapping (or local causality), free choice, or no-fine-tuning. This is achieved by deriving Bell-type criteria…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-23 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov

We show that paradoxical consequences of violations of Bell's inequality are induced by the use of an unsuitable probabilistic description for the EPR-Bohm-Bell experiment. The conventional description (due to Bell) is based on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-06-04 David Avis , Paul Fischer , Astrid Hilbert , Andrei Khrennikov

The assumption of free will - the ability of an experimentalist to make random choices - is central to proving the indeterminism of quantum resources, the primary tool in quantum cryptography. Relaxing the assumption in a Bell test allows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-30 James E. Pope , Alastair Kay

The failure of Bell's theorem for Clifford algebra valued local variables is further consolidated by proving that the conditions of remote parameter independence and remote outcome independence are duly respected within the recently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-08-22 Joy Christian

Bell's theorem states that no local realistic explanation of quantum mechanical predictions is possible, in which the experimenter has a freedom to choose between different measurement settings. Within a local realistic picture the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Johannes Kofler , Tomasz Paterek , Caslav Brukner

We derive a set of Bell-type inequalities for arbitrarily high-dimensional systems, based on the assumption of partial separability in the hybrid local-nonlocal hidden variable model. Partially entangled states would not violate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 Jing-Ling Chen , Dong-Ling Deng , Hong-Yi Su , Chunfeng Wu , C. H. Oh

This paper provides a systematic analysis of Bell experiments from the relational perspective, demonstrating that the apparent ``nonlocality'' of quantum mechanics stems from a problematic application of relativistic principles rather than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Jan van Neerven , Marijn Waaijer

Many Bell test results violate Bell's inequality. The premise of Bell's inequality is local determinism. We propose that, it can't be proved that something's mechanism isn't deterministic; if loopholes are not the reason of violation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-30 Shoujiang Wang , Xiulan Wang

Louis Sica derived Bell's inequalities from the hypothesis that the time series of outcomes observed in one station does not change if the setting in the other (distant) station is changed. This derivation is based on arithmetical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-23 Alejandro Andrés Hnilo

A certain class of parametric down-conversion Bell type experiments has the following features. In the idealized perfect situation it is in only 50% of cases that each observer receives a photon; in the other 50% of cases one observer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Sandu Popescu , Lucien Hardy , Marek Zukowski

Quantum correlations may violate the Bell inequalities. Most of the experimental schemes confirming this prediction have been realized in all-optical Bell tests suffering from the detection loophole. Experiment which closes this loophole…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-09-23 Magdalena Stobińska , Pavel Sekatski , Adam Buraczewski , Nicolas Gisin , Gerd Leuchs

The widespread claim that violations of Bell inequalities establish the nonlocality of nature is critically reexamined. It is argued that this conclusion is not logically compelled by either the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) argument or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Partha Ghose

We argue that the conclusion of Bell theorem, namely, that there must be spatial non-local correlations in certain experimental situations, does not apply to typical individual measurements performed on entangled EPR pairs. Our claim is…

General Physics · Physics 2015-10-22 Victor Romero-Rochin

Bell's theorem proves the incompatibility between quantum mechanics and local realistic hidden-variable theories. In this paper we show that, contrary to a common belief, the theoretical proof of Bell's theorem is not affected by…

General Physics · Physics 2025-01-15 Andrea Aiello

Experimental violations of Bell inequalities are in general vulnerable to so-called "loopholes." In this work, we analyse the characteristics of a loophole-free Bell test with photons, closing simultaneously the locality, freedom-of-choice,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-11 Johannes Kofler , Marissa Giustina , Jan-Åke Larsson , Morgan W. Mitchell

Bell's inequality is derived from three assumptions: measurement independence, outcome independence, and parameter independence. Among these, measurement independence, often taken for granted, holds that hidden variables are statistically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-06 Yuichiro Kitajima

We prove that every conceivable hidden variable model reproducing the quantum mechanical predictions of almost any entangled state must necessarily violate Bell's locality condition. The proof does not involve the consideration of any Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 GianCarlo Ghirardi , Luca Marinatto

One obtains Bell's inequalities if one posits a hypothetical joint probability distribution, or {\it measure}, whose marginals yield the probabilities produced by the spin measurements in question. The existence of a joint measure is in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-04-14 David Craig , Fay Dowker , Joe Henson , Seth Major , David Rideout , Rafael D. Sorkin