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In this paper we analyze the canonical forms into which any pure three-qubit state can be cast. The minimal forms, i.e. the ones with the minimal number of product states built from local bases, are also presented and lead to a complete…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 A. Acin , A. Andrianov , E. Jane , R. Tarrach

While there is a general consensus about the structure of one qubit operations in topological quantum computer, two qubits are as usual a more difficult and complex story of different attempts with varying approaches, problems and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-15 Sergey Mironov , Andrey Morozov

The initialization of quantum states or Quantum State Preparation (QSP) is a basic subroutine in quantum algorithms. In the worst case, general QSP algorithms are expensive due to the application of multi-controlled gates required to build…

We demonstrate that in a coupled two-qubit system any single-qubit gate can be decomposed into two conditional two-qubit gates and that any conditional two-qubit gate can be implemented by a manipulation analogous to that used for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Zhongyuan Zhou , Shih-I Chu , Siyuan Han

Quantum state preparation plays an equally important role with quantum operations and measurements in quantum information processing. The previous methods of preparing initial state for bulk quantum computation all have inevitable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-27 Tao Xin , Liang Hao , Shi-Yao Hou , Guan-Ru Feng , Gui-Lu Long

We propose a scheme to construct a deterministic CNOT gate on static electron-spin qubits, allowing for deterministic scalable quantum computing in solid-state systems.The excess electron confined in a charged quantum dot inside a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-06-11 Hai-Rui Wei , Fu-Guo Deng

Superconducting quantum circuit is a promising system for building quantum computer. With this system we demonstrate the universal quantum computations, including the preparing of initial states, the single-qubit operations, the two-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-06 Nian-Quan Jiang , Yao Chen , Chuanbing Cai , Ming-FengWang , Junwang Tang

The Heisenberg exchange interaction is a natural method to implement non-local (i.e., multi-qubit) quantum gates in quantum information processing. We consider quantum circuits comprising of $(SWAP)^\alpha $ gates, which are realized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Heng Fan , Vwani Roychowdhury , Thomas Szkopek

We develop a unitary dependence theory to characterize the behaviors of quantum circuits and states in terms of how quantum gates manipulate qubits and determine their measurement probabilities. A qubit has dependence on a 1-qubit unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-07 Zixuan Hu , Sabre Kais

While all quantum algorithms can be expressed in terms of single-qubit and two-qubit gates, more expressive gate sets can help reduce the algorithmic depth. This is important in the presence of gate errors, especially those due to…

Quantum computing can be realized with numerous different hardware platforms and computational protocols. A highly promising approach to foster scalability is to apply a photonic platform combined with a measurement-induced quantum…

Quantum computation has attracted much attention, among other things, due to its potentialities to solve classical NP problems in polynomial time. For this reason, there has been a growing interest to build a quantum computer. One of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 P. B. M. Sousa , R. V. Ramos

Quantum computation requires qubits that can be coupled and realized in a scalable manner, together with universal and high-fidelity one- and two-qubit logic gates \cite{DiVincenzo2000, Loss1998}. Strong effort across several fields have…

Quantum computers have proven to be effective in simulating many quantum systems. Simulating nuclear processes and state preparation poses significant challenges, even for traditional supercomputers. This study demonstrates the feasibility…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-05 Luca Nigro , Carlo Barbieri , Enrico Prati

The ability to reach a maximally entangled state from a separable one through the use of a two-qubit unitary operator is analyzed for mixed states. This extension from the known case of pure states shows that there are at least two families…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-06 Zhe Guan , Huan He , Yong-Jian Han , Chuan-Feng Li , Fernando Galve , Guang-Can Guo

IBM has made several quantum computers available to researchers around the world via cloud services. Two architectures with five qubits, one with 16, and one with 20 qubits are available to run experiments. The IBM architectures implement…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Gerhard W. Dueck , Anirban Pathak , Md Mazder Rahman , Abhishek Shukla , Anindita Banerjee

The Controlled-Not (CNOT) gate is essential to algorithms in quantum computing for its ability to entangle qubits. As such, it is important to understand how students learning quantum computing reason around the function and use of this…

Physics Education · Physics 2026-04-21 Jonan-Rohi S. Plueger , Bethany R. Wilcox , Steven J. Pollock , Gina Passante

Implementation of high-dimensional (HD) quantum gates shows very promising perspectives for HD quantum computation. A bipartite quantum system with arbitrary dimensions $n$ and $m$ is termed a quNit-quMit. Here we propose a synthesis scheme…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Gui-Long Jiang , Hai-Rui Wei

Gate-based quantum computation has been extensively investigated using quantum circuits based on qubits. In many cases, such qubits are actually made out of multilevel systems but with only two states being used for computational purpose.…

A quantum analog of the fundamental classical NOT gate is a quantum gate that would transform any input qubit state onto an orthogonal state. Intriguingly, this universal NOT gate is forbidden by the laws of quantum physics. This striking…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 M. Jezek , M. Micuda , I. Straka , M. Mikova , M. Dusek , J. Fiurasek