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Direct evaluation of LLMs on benchmarks can be misleading because comparatively strong performance may reflect task familiarity rather than capability. The train-before-test approach controls for task familiarity by giving each model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Kun Wang , Reinhard Heckel

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance their reasoning capabilities through feedback. A critical challenge is verifying the consistency of model-generated responses and reference answers,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xuzhao Li , Xuchen Li , Shiyu Hu , Yongzhen Guo , Wentao Zhang

In this paper we present attestable builds, a new paradigm to provide strong source-to-binary correspondence in software artifacts. We tackle the challenge of opaque build pipelines that disconnect the trust between source code, which can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Daniel Hugenroth , Mario Lins , René Mayrhofer , Alastair Beresford

Conventional load-testing tools are based on a fifty-year old time-share computer paradigm where a finite number of users submit requests and respond in a synchronized fashion. Conversely, modern web traffic is essentially asynchronous and…

Performance · Computer Science 2016-09-13 James F. Brady , Neil J. Gunther

Accurate confidence estimation is essential for trustworthy large language models (LLMs) systems, as it empowers the user to determine when to trust outputs and enables reliable deployment in safety-critical applications. Current confidence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Mingruo Yuan , Shuyi Zhang , Ben Kao

We extended our simulation tool Ntccrt for probabilistic ntcc (pntcc) models. In addition, we developed a verification tool for pntcc models. Using this tool we can prove properties such as the system will go to a successful state with…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Mauricio Toro

Designing correct replicated data types (RDTs) is challenging because replicas evolve independently and must be merged while preserving application intent. A promising approach is correct-by-construction development in a proof-oriented…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Pranav Ramesh , Vimala Soundarapandian , KC Sivaramakrishnan

It is important to have multi-agent robotic system specifications that ensure correctness properties of safety and liveness. As these systems have concurrency, and often have dynamic environment, the formal specification and verification of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-04-20 Nadeem Akhtar , Malik M. Saad Missen

Computational tools for rigorously verifying the performance of large-scale machine learning (ML) models have progressed significantly in recent years. The most successful solvers employ highly specialized, GPU-accelerated branch and bound…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Samuel Chevalier , Ilgiz Murzakhanov , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

Security verification of communication protocols in industrial and safety-critical systems is challenging because implementations are often proprietary, accessible only as black boxes, and too complex for manual modeling. As a result,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Stefan Marksteiner , Mikael Sjödin , Marjan Sirjani

This paper presents a unique approach to connecting requirements engineering (RE) activities into a process framework that can be employed to obtain quality requirements with reduced expenditures of effort and cost. We propose a two-phase…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Lester Lobo , James D. Arthur

The ModelWriter platform provides a generic framework for automated traceability analysis. In this paper, we demonstrate how this framework can be used to trace the consistency and completeness of technical documents that consist of a set…

It is now well-admitted that formal methods are helpful for many issues raised in the Web service area. In this paper we present a framework for the design and verification of WSs using process algebras and their tools. We define a two-way…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Andrea Ferrara

Robustness verification that aims to formally certify the prediction behavior of neural networks has become an important tool for understanding model behavior and obtaining safety guarantees. However, previous methods can usually only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Zhouxing Shi , Huan Zhang , Kai-Wei Chang , Minlie Huang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

While reachability analysis is one of the most promising approaches for formal verification of dynamic systems, a major disadvantage preventing a more widespread application is the requirement to manually tune algorithm parameters such as…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Niklas Kochdumper , Stanley Bak

In this paper, we address the problem of speaker verification in conditions unseen or unknown during development. A standard method for speaker verification consists of extracting speaker embeddings with a deep neural network and processing…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Luciana Ferrer , Mitchell McLaren , Niko Brummer

The focus of this paper is on reducing the complexity in verification by exploiting modularity at various levels: in specification, in verification, and structurally. For specifications, we use the modular language CSP-OZ-DC, which allows…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-05-20 Johannes Faber , Carsten Ihlemann , Swen Jacobs , Viorica Sofronie-Stokkermans

Stream-based monitoring is a runtime verification approach where a monitor aggregates streams of input data from sensors and other sources to give real-time statistics and assessments of a system's health. One of the central challenges in…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Florian Kohn , Arthur Correnson , Jan Baumeister , Bernd Finkbeiner

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate requirements specifications, design documents, code, and test cases. In contrast, much less attention has been given to a more difficult assurance problem: statically verifying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhi Quan Zhou , Dave Towey , Tsong Yueh Chen

Trustworthy robot behavior requires not only high levels of task success but also that the robot can reliably quantify how likely it is to succeed. To this end, we present a first-of-its-kind study of confidence calibration in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Thomas P Zollo , Richard Zemel