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To test the idea that ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) in external galaxies represent a class of accreting intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs), we have undertaken a program to identify ULXs and a lower luminosity X-ray comparison sample…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 C. T. Berghea , K. A. Weaver , E. J. M. Colbert , T. P. Roberts

This paper investigates the formation, populations, and evolutionary paths of UltraLuminous X-ray Sources (ULXs) within Globular Clusters (GCs). ULXs, characterised by their extreme X-ray luminosities, present a challenge to our…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-04-16 Grzegorz Wiktorowicz , Mirek Giersz , Abbas Askar , Arkadiusz Hypki , Lucas Helstrom

Ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are high-mass X-ray binaries with an X-ray luminosity above $10^{39}$ erg s$^{-1}$. These ULXs can be powered by black holes that are more massive than $20M_\odot$, accreting in a standard regime, or…

The amount of data available for NGC 1313 X-2 make it a cornerstone for the study of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs). We modelled the optical and X-ray data of this ULX with a binary evolution code that takes into account X-ray…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-20 Luca Zampieri , Alessandro Patruno

Ultra-Luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are accreting black holes for which their X-ray properties have been seen to be different to the case of stellar-mass black hole binaries. For most of the cases their intrinsic energy spectra are well…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-05-23 M. D. Caballero-Garcia , M. Bursa , M. Dovciak , S. Fabrika , A. J. Castro-Tirado , V. Karas

We have constructed a model to describe the optical emission from ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs). We assume a binary model with a black hole accreting matter from a Roche lobe filling companion star. We consider the effects of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Christopher Copperwheat , Mark Cropper , Roberto Soria , Kinwah Wu

The controversy over whether ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) contain a new intermediate-mass class of black holes (IMBHs) remains unresolved. We present new analyses of the deepest XMM-Newton observations of ULXs that address their…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 T. P. Roberts , A. -M. Stobbart , M. R. Goad , R. S. Warwick , J. Wilms , P. Uttley , J. N. Reeves

In young dense clusters, an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) may get a companion star via exchange encounters or tidal capture, and then evolves toward IMBH X-ray binary by the Roche lobe overflow. It is generally thought that IMBH X-ray…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-10-22 Xiao-Qin Han , Long Jiang , Wen-Cong Chen

In this study, we examine the properties of donor stars of the three recently discovered ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) powered by rotating neutron stars. For this purpose, we constructed a theoretical relation between the X-ray…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-01-08 Shigeyuki Karino

Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs), first observed ~30 years ago, have been argued as extreme stellar mass black hole binaries or a new class intermediate mass black hole. In order to settle this debate, scientists have utilised a wide…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-27 Jeanette Claire Gladstone

The ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) population is known to contain neutron stars, but the relative number of these compared to black hole primaries is unknown. Assuming classical super-critical accretion and resultant geometrical beaming,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-08-09 Matthew Middleton , Andrew King

Ultraluminous X-ray binaries have challenged our assumptions of extreme accretion rates in X-ray binaries, and impact other subfields of astronomy, such as cosmology, gravitational wave sources and supernov{\ae}. Our understanding of ULXs…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-07-03 Kristen C. Dage , Konstantinos Kovlakas

Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) exceed the Eddington luminosity for a $\approx 10M_\odot$ black hole. The recent detection of black hole mergers by the gravitational wave detector ALIGO indicates that black holes with masses $> 10…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-11-08 Justin D. Finke , Soebur Razzaque

The origin of Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) in external galaxies whose X-ray luminosities exceed those of the brightest black holes in our Galaxy by hundreds and thousands of times is mysterious. The most popular models for the ULXs…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-01-27 Sergei Fabrika , Alexander Vinokurov , Kirill Atapin

The ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) were isolated in external galaxies for the last 5 years. Their X-ray luminosities exceed 100-10000 times those of brightest Milky Way black hole binaries and they are extremely variable. There are two…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 S. Fabrika , P. Abolmasov

Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULX) are off-nuclear point sources in nearby galaxies whose X-ray luminosity exceeds the theoretical maximum for spherical infall (the Eddington limit) onto stellar-mass black holes. Their luminosity ranges from…

There have been several recent claims of black hole binaries in globular clusters. I show that these candidate systems could instead be ultracompact X-ray binaries (UCXBs) in which a neutron star accretes from a white dwarf. They would…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-27 Andrew King

Ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are off-nuclear X-ray sources in nearby galaxies with X-ray luminosities $\geq$ 10$^{39}$ erg s$^{-1}$. The measurement of the black hole (BH) masses of ULXs is a long-standing problem. Here we estimate…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-23 Xin-Lin Zhou

Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) have captivated researchers for decades due to their exceptionally high luminosities and unique spectral characteristics. Some of these sources defy expectations by exhibiting super-Eddington luminosities…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-05-07 Mayank Pathak , Banibrata Mukhopadhyay

We study accretion in binaries hosting an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH) of 1000 solar masses, and a donor star more massive than 15 solar masses. These systems experience an active X-ray phase characterized by luminosities varying…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 A. Patruno , M. Colpi , A. Faulkner , A. Possenti