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The rate of entropy production by a stochastic process quantifies how far it is from thermodynamic equilibrium. Equivalently, entropy production captures the degree to which detailed balance and time-reversal symmetry are broken. Despite…
We discuss the two-dimensional motion of a Brownian particle that is confined to a harmonic trap and driven by a shear flow. The surrounding medium induces memory effects modelled by a linear, typically nonreciprocal coupling of the…
Overdamped stochastic systems maintained far from equilibrium can display sustained oscillations with fluctuations that decrease with the system size. The correlation time of such noisy limit cycles expressed in units of the cycle period is…
The entropy production rate associated with broken time-reversal symmetry provides an essential characterization of nanosystems out of equilibrium, from driven colloidal particles to molecular motors. Limited access to the dynamical states…
We report an experimental and theoretical analysis of the energy exchanged between two conductors kept at different temperature and coupled by the electric thermal noise. Experimentally we determine, as functions of the temperature…
We investigate the total entropy production of a Brownian particle in a driven bistable system. This system exhibits the phenomenon of stochastic resonance. We show that in the time-periodic steady state, the probability density function…
Clocks are inherently out-of-equilibrium because, due to friction, they constantly consume free energy to keep track of time. The Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relation (TUR) quantifies the trade-off between the precision of any…
We unveil the universal (model-independent) symmetry satisfied by Schwinger-Keldysh quantum field theories whenever they describe equilibrium dynamics. This is made possible by a generalization of the Schwinger-Keldysh path-integral…
The second law of thermodynamics governs that nonequilibrium systems evolve towards states of higher entropy over time. However, it does not specify the rate of this evolution and the role of fluctuations that impact the system's dynamics.…
We derive general expressions for the free energy, entropy production and entropy extraction rates for a Brownian particle that walks in a viscous medium where the dynamics of its motion is governed by the Langevin equation. It is shown…
There are non-Gaussian time series that admit a causal linear autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model when regressing the future on the past, but not when regressing the past on the future. The reason is that, in the latter case, the…
We investigate thermodynamics of general nonequilibrium processes stopped at stochastic times. We propose a systematic strategy for constructing fluctuation-theorem-like martingales for each thermodynamic functional, yielding a family of…
Entropy production is a universal measure of irreversibility and energy dissipation in physical, chemical, and biological systems operating far from equilibrium. However, quantifying and spatiotemporally localising it in complex processes…
We derive a variational expression for the correlation time of physical observables in steady-state diffusive systems. As a consequence of this variational expression, we obtain lower bounds on the correlation time, which provide speed…
Fluctuation theorems allow one to make generalised statements about the behaviour of thermodynamic quantities in systems that are driven far from thermal equilibrium. In this article we use Crooks' fluctuation theorem to understand the…
The fluctuation relations have received considerable attention since their emergence and development in the 1990s. We present a summary of the main results and suggest ways to interpret this material. Starting with a consideration of the…
The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy production in macroscopic systems is non-negative, reaching zero only at thermodynamic equilibrium. As a corollary, this implies that the state trajectory of macroscopic systems is…
The directed transport of Brownian particles requires a system with an asymmetry and with non-equilibrium noise. We here investigate numerically alternative ways of fulfilling these requirements for a two-state Brownian motor, realised with…
Measurements of any property of a microscopic system are bound to show significant deviations from the average, due to thermal fluctuations. For time-integrated currents such as heat, work or entropy production in a steady state, it is in…
The problem of estimating entropy production from incomplete information in stochastic thermodynamics is essential for theory and experiments. Whereas a considerable amount of work has been done on this topic, arguably, most of it is…