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A light front field theory for finite temperature and density is currently being developed. It will be used here to describe the transition region from quark matter to nuclear matter relevant in heavy ion collisions and in the early…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Beyer

The strong interaction is the fundamental force that holds quarks and the gluon force carriers together to form protons and neutrons and also binds the atomic nucleus. The theory governing quark-gluon interactions is Quantum Chromodynamics…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-05-04 Xiangdong Ji , Gerald A. Miller , Chen Yang

Collisions between heavy nuclei at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider liberate from the nuclear wavefunction of order 10,000 gluons, quarks and antiquarks. The system is dominated by gluons and up and down (anti) quarks. Heavy quarks,…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 J. L. Nagle

We study the evolution of the quark-gluon composition of the plasma created in ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions (uRHIC's) employing a partonic transport theory that includes both elastic and inelastic collisions plus a mean fields…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-12-09 F. Scardina , M. Colonna , S. Plumari , V. Greco

An introductory account is given of the understanding of the structure of the universe. At present the most plausible theory of the origin of the universe is that it formed from the explosion of an extremely hot and dense fireball several…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 H. J. Haubold , A. M. Mathai

Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts worldwide are devoted to explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. At LHC and top RHIC energies, QCD matter is studied at very high temperatures and nearly vanishing…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2017-03-30 CBM Collaboration , T. Ablyazimov , A. Abuhoza , R. P. Adak , M. Adamczyk , K. Agarwal , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , F. Ahmad , N. Ahmad , S. Ahmad , A. Akindinov , P. Akishin , E. Akishina , T. Akishina , V. Akishina , A. Akram , M. Al-Turany , I. Alekseev , E. Alexandrov , I. Alexandrov , S. Amar-Youcef , M. Anđelić , O. Andreeva , C. Andrei , A. Andronic , Yu. Anisimov , H. Appelshäuser , D. Argintaru , E. Atkin , S. Avdeev , R. Averbeck , M. D. Azmi , V. Baban , M. Bach , E. Badura , S. Bähr , T. Balog , M. Balzer , E. Bao , N. Baranova , T. Barczyk , D. Bartoş , S. Bashir , M. Baszczyk , O. Batenkov , V. Baublis , M. Baznat , J. Becker , K. -H. Becker , S. Belogurov , D. Belyakov , J. Bendarouach , I. Berceanu , A. Bercuci , A. Berdnikov , Y. Berdnikov , R. Berendes , G. Berezin , C. Bergmann , D. Bertini , O. Bertini , C. Beşliu , O. Bezshyyko , P. P. Bhaduri , A. Bhasin , A. K. Bhati , B. Bhattacharjee , A. Bhattacharyya , T. K. Bhattacharyya , S. Biswas , T. Blank , D. Blau , V. Blinov , C. Blume , Yu. Bocharov , J. Book , T. Breitner , U. Brüning , J. Brzychczyk , A. Bubak , H. Büsching , T. Bus , V. Butuzov , A. Bychkov , A. Byszuk , Xu Cai , M. Cálin , Ping Cao , G. Caragheorgheopol , I. Carević , V. Cătănescu , A. Chakrabarti , S. Chattopadhyay , A. Chaus , Hongfang Chen , LuYao Chen , Jianping Cheng , V. Chepurnov , H. Cherif , A. Chernogorov , M. I. Ciobanu , G. Claus , F. Constantin , M. Csanád , N. D'Ascenzo , Supriya Das , Susovan Das , J. de Cuveland , B. Debnath , D. Dementiev , Wendi Deng , Zhi Deng , H. Deppe , I. Deppner , O. Derenovskaya , C. A. Deveaux , M. Deveaux , K. Dey , M. Dey , P. Dillenseger , V. Dobyrn , D. Doering , Sheng Dong , A. Dorokhov , M. Dreschmann , A. Drozd , A. K. Dubey , S. Dubnichka , Z. Dubnichkova , M. Dürr , L. Dutka , M. Dželalija , V. V. Elsha , D. Emschermann , H. Engel , V. Eremin , T. Eşanu , J. Eschke , D. Eschweiler , Huanhuan Fan , Xingming Fan , M. Farooq , O. Fateev , Shengqin Feng , S. P. D. Figuli , I. Filozova , D. Finogeev , P. Fischer , H. Flemming , J. Förtsch , U. Frankenfeld , V. Friese , E. Friske , I. Fröhlich , J. Frühauf , J. Gajda , T. Galatyuk , G. Gangopadhyay , C. García Chávez , J. Gebelein , P. Ghosh , S. K. Ghosh , S. Gläßel , M. Goffe , L. Golinka-Bezshyyko , V. Golovatyuk , S. Golovnya , V. Golovtsov , M. Golubeva , D. Golubkov , A. Gómez Ramírez , S. Gorbunov , S. Gorokhov , D. Gottschalk , P. Gryboś , A. Grzeszczuk , F. Guber , K. Gudima , M. Gumiński , A. Gupta , Yu. Gusakov , Dong Han , H. Hartmann , Shue He , J. Hehner , N. Heine , A. Herghelegiu , N. Herrmann , B. Heß , J. M. Heuser , A. Himmi , C. Höhne , R. Holzmann , Dongdong Hu , Guangming Huang , Xinjie Huang , D. Hutter , A. Ierusalimov , E. -M. Ilgenfritz , M. Irfan , D. Ivanischev , M. Ivanov , P. Ivanov , Valery Ivanov , Victor Ivanov , Vladimir Ivanov , A. Ivashkin , K. Jaaskelainen , H. Jahan , V. Jain , V. Jakovlev , T. Janson , Di Jiang , A. Jipa , I. Kadenko , P. Kähler , B. Kämpfer , V. Kalinin , J. Kallunkathariyil , K. -H. Kampert , E. Kaptur , R. Karabowicz , O. Karavichev , T. Karavicheva , D. Karmanov , V. Karnaukhov , E. Karpechev , K. Kasiński , G. Kasprowicz , M. Kaur , A. Kazantsev , U. Kebschull , G. Kekelidze , M. M. Khan , S. A. Khan , A. Khanzadeev , F. Khasanov , A. Khvorostukhin , V. Kirakosyan , M. Kirejczyk , A. Kiryakov , M. Kiš , I. Kisel , P. Kisel , S. Kiselev , T. Kiss , P. Klaus , R. Kłeczek , Ch. Klein-Bösing , V. Kleipa , V. Klochkov , P. Kmon , K. Koch , L. Kochenda , P. Koczoń , W. Koenig , M. Kohn , B. W. Kolb , A. Kolosova , B. Komkov , M. Korolev , I. Korolko , R. Kotte , A. Kovalchuk , S. Kowalski , M. Koziel , G. Kozlov , V. Kozlov , V. Kramarenko , P. Kravtsov , E. Krebs , C. Kreidl , I. Kres , D. Kresan , G. Kretschmar , M. Krieger , A. V. Kryanev , E. Kryshen , M. Kuc , W. Kucewicz , V. Kucher , L. Kudin , A. Kugler , Ajit Kumar , Ashwini Kumar , L. Kumar , J. Kunkel , A. Kurepin , N. Kurepin , A. Kurilkin , P. Kurilkin , V. Kushpil , S. Kuznetsov , V. Kyva , V. Ladygin , C. Lara , P. Larionov , A. Laso García , E. Lavrik , I. Lazanu , A. Lebedev , S. Lebedev , E. Lebedeva , J. Lehnert , J. Lehrbach , Y. Leifels , F. Lemke , Cheng Li , Qiyan Li , Xin Li , Yuanjing Li , V. Lindenstruth , B. Linnik , Feng Liu , I. Lobanov , E. Lobanova , S. Löchner , P. -A. Loizeau , S. A. Lone , J. A. Lucio Martínez , Xiaofeng Luo , A. Lymanets , Pengfei Lyu , A. Maevskaya , S. Mahajan , D. P. Mahapatra , T. Mahmoud , P. Maj , Z. Majka , A. Malakhov , E. Malankin , D. Malkevich , O. Malyatina , H. Malygina , M. M. Mandal , S. Mandal , V. Manko , S. Manz , A. M. Marin Garcia , J. Markert , S. Masciocchi , T. Matulewicz , L. Meder , M. Merkin , V. Mialkovski , J. Michel , N. Miftakhov , L. Mik , K. Mikhailov , V. Mikhaylov , B. Milanović , V. Militsija , D. Miskowiec , I. Momot , T. Morhardt , S. Morozov , W. F. J. Müller , C. Müntz , S. Mukherjee , C. E. Muńoz Castillo , Yu. Murin , R. Najman , C. Nandi , E. Nandy , L. Naumann , T. Nayak , A. Nedosekin , V. S. Negi , W. Niebur , V. Nikulin , D. Normanov , A. Oancea , Kunsu Oh , Yu. Onishchuk , G. Ososkov , P. Otfinowski , E. Ovcharenko , S. Pal , I. Panasenko , N. R. Panda , S. Parzhitskiy , V. Patel , C. Pauly , M. Penschuck , D. Peshekhonov , V. Peshekhonov , V. Petráček , M. Petri , M. Petriş , A. Petrovici , M. Petrovici , A. Petrovskiy , O. Petukhov , D. Pfeifer , K. Piasecki , J. Pieper , J. Pietraszko , R. Płaneta , V. Plotnikov , V. Plujko , J. Pluta , A. Pop , V. Pospisil , K. Poźniak , A. Prakash , S. K. Prasad , M. Prokudin , I. Pshenichnov , M. Pugach , V. Pugatch , S. Querchfeld , S. Rabtsun , L. Radulescu , S. Raha , F. Rami , R. Raniwala , S. Raniwala , A. Raportirenko , J. Rautenberg , J. Rauza , R. Ray , S. Razin , P. Reichelt , S. Reinecke , A. Reinefeld , A. Reshetin , C. Ristea , O. Ristea , A. Rodriguez Rodriguez , F. Roether , R. Romaniuk , A. Rost , E. Rostchin , I. Rostovtseva , Amitava Roy , Ankhi Roy , J. Rożynek , Yu. Ryabov , A. Sadovsky , R. Sahoo , P. K. Sahu , S. K. Sahu , J. Saini , S. Samanta , S. S. Sambyal , V. Samsonov , J. Sánchez Rosado , O. Sander , S. Sarangi , T. Satława , S. Sau , V. Saveliev , S. Schatral , C. Schiaua , F. Schintke , C. J. Schmidt , H. R. Schmidt , K. Schmidt , J. Scholten , K. Schweda , F. Seck , S. Seddiki , I. Selyuzhenkov , A. Semennikov , A. Senger , P. Senger , A. Shabanov , A. Shabunov , Ming Shao , A. D. Sheremetiev , Shusu Shi , N. Shumeiko , V. Shumikhin , I. Sibiryak , B. Sikora , A. Simakov , C. Simon , C. Simons , R. N. Singaraju , A. K. Singh , B. K. Singh , C. P. Singh , V. Singhal , M. Singla , P. Sitzmann , K. Siwek-Wilczyńska , L. Škoda , I. Skwira-Chalot , I. Som , Guofeng Song , Jihye Song , Z. Sosin , D. Soyk , P. Staszel , M. Strikhanov , S. Strohauer , J. Stroth , C. Sturm , R. Sultanov , Yongjie Sun , D. Svirida , O. Svoboda , A. Szabó , R. Szczygieł , R. Talukdar , Zebo Tang , M. Tanha , J. Tarasiuk , O. Tarassenkova , M. -G. Târzilă , M. Teklishyn , T. Tischler , P. Tlustý , T. Tölyhi , A. Toia , N. Topil'skaya , M. Träger , S. Tripathy , I. Tsakov , Yu. Tsyupa , A. Turowiecki , N. G. Tuturas , F. Uhlig , E. Usenko , I. Valin , D. Varga , I. Vassiliev , O. Vasylyev , E. Verbitskaya , W. Verhoeven , A. Veshikov , R. Visinka , Y. P. Viyogi , S. Volkov , A. Volochniuk , A. Vorobiev , Aleksey Voronin , Alexander Voronin , V. Vovchenko , M. Vznuzdaev , Dong Wang , Xi-Wei Wang , Yaping Wang , Yi Wang , M. Weber , C. Wendisch , J. P. Wessels , M. Wiebusch , J. Wiechula , D. Wielanek , A. Wieloch , A. Wilms , N. Winckler , M. Winter , K. Wiśniewski , Gy. Wolf , Sanguk Won , Ke-Jun Wu , J. Wüstenfeld , Changzhou Xiang , Nu Xu , Junfeng Yang , Rongxing Yang , Zhongbao Yin , In-Kwon Yoo , B. Yuldashev , I. Yushmanov , W. Zabołotny , Yu. Zaitsev , N. I. Zamiatin , Yu. Zanevsky , M. Zhalov , Yifei Zhang , Yu Zhang , Lei Zhao , Jiajun Zheng , Sheng Zheng , Daicui Zhou , Jing Zhou , Xianglei Zhu , A. Zinchenko , W. Zipper , M. Żoładź , P. Zrelov , V. Zryuev , P. Zumbruch , M. Zyzak

This is an introduction to the study of strongly interacting matter. We survey its different possible states and discuss the transition from hadronic matter to a plasma of deconfined quarks and gluons. Following this, we summarize the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-05-13 Helmut Satz

A critical review on signatures of Quark-Gluon-Plasma formation is given and the current (1998) experimental status is discussed. After giving an introduction to the properties of QCD matter in both, equilibrium- and non-equilibrium…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-31 S. A. Bass , M. Gyulassy , H. Stoecker , W. Greiner

For large baryochemical potential, strongly interacting matter might undergo a first order phase transition at temperatures T ~ 100-200 MeV. Within standard cosmology, however, the chemical potential is assumed to be very small leading to a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-08-23 Simon Schettler , Tillmann Boeckel , Jurgen Schaffner-Bielich

Our knowledge of the equation of state of the quark gluon plasma has been continuously growing due to the experimental results from heavy ion collisions, due to recent astrophysical measurements and also due to the advances in lattice QCD…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-02-27 S. M. Sanches , F. S. Navarra , D. A. Fogaça

This is the report of Heavy Ion Physics and Quark-Gluon Plasma at WHEPP-09 which was part of Working Group-4. Discussion and work on some aspects of Quark-Gluon Plasma believed to have created in heavy-ion collisions and in early universe…

We recall how nearly half a century ago the proposal was made to explore the structure of the quantum vacuum using slow heavy-ion collisions. Pursuing this topic we review the foundational concept of spontaneous vacuum decay accompanied by…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-11-02 Johann Rafelski , Johannes Kirsch , Berndt Müller , Joachim Reinhardt , Walter Greiner

The expansion of our universe, when followed backward in time, implies that it emerged from a phase of huge density, the big bang. These stages are so extreme that classical general relativity combined with matter theories is not able to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Martin Bojowald

Heavy-ion collisions at BNL's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and CERN's Large Hadron Collider provide strong evidence for the formation of a quark-gluon plasma, with temperatures extracted from relativistic viscous hydrodynamic simulations…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-08-18 Jürgen Berges , Michal P. Heller , Aleksas Mazeliauskas , Raju Venugopalan

3-flavor quark matter (strange quark matter; SQM) can be stable or metastable for a wide range of strong interaction parameters. If so, SQM can play an important role in cosmology, neutron stars, cosmic ray physics, and relativistic…

Astrophysics · Physics 2014-10-13 Jes Madsen

This dissertation aims to deepen the understanding of the primordial composition of the Universe in the temperature range 300 MeV>T>0.02 MeV. I exploit known properties of elementary particles and apply methods of kinetic theory and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-01-19 Cheng Tao Yang

High energy heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) produce a novel medium characterized by an initial energy density over an order of magnitude above the expected phase transformation value and that then evolves…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 J. L. Nagle

The extreme conditions of temperature and density produced in ultrarelativistic collisions of heavy nuclei facilitate the formation of the most fundamental fluid in the universe, the deconfined phase of Quantum Chromodynamics called…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2024-01-18 Fernando G. Gardim , Renata Krupczak , Tiago Nunes da Silva

Explosive astrophysical systems, such as supernovae or compact star binary mergers, provide conditions where strange quark matter can appear. The high degree of isospin asymmetry and temperatures of several MeV in such systems may cause a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-11-20 I. Sagert , T. Fischer , M. Hempel , G. Pagliara , J. Schaffner-Bielich , F. -K. Thielemann , M. Liebendörfer

In nucleus-nucleus collisions at relativistic energies a new kind of matter is created, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). The phase diagram of such matter and the chemical freeze-out points will be presented in connection to the pseudo-critical…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-12-27 Peter Braun-Munzinger , Anar Rustamov , Johanna Stachel