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This paper investigates the emergence of wealth inequality through a minimalist kinetic exchange model that incorporates two fundamental economic features: fixed-amount transactions and hard budget constraints. In contrast to the maximum…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-11-12 Jihyuan Liuh

Various multi-agent models of wealth distributions defined by microscopic laws regulating the trades, with or without a saving criterion, are reviewed. We discuss and clarify the equilibrium properties of the model with constant global…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-03-19 Marco Patriarca , Anirban Chakraborti , Kimmo Kaski , Guido Germano

Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution arises as the statistical equilibrium probability distribution of money among the agents of a closed economic system where random and undirected exchanges are allowed. When considering a model with uniform…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-06-11 Ismael Martinez-Martinez , Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz

The "Money Exchange Model" is a type of agent-based simulation model used to study how wealth distribution and inequality evolve through monetary exchanges between individuals. The primary focus of this model is to identify the limiting…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-01-07 Hironobu Sakagawa

We propose a novel kinetic exchange model differing from previous ones in two main aspects. First, the basic dynamics is modified in order to represent economies where immediate wealth exchanges are carried out, instead of reshufflings or…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2015-05-07 Els Heinsalu , Marco Patriarca

Many models of market dynamics make use of the idea of conservative wealth exchanges among economic agents. A few years ago an exchange model using extremal dynamics was developed and a very interesting result was obtained: a self-generated…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-12 L. A. Braunstein , P. A. Macri , J. R. Iglesias

This paper analyzes the equilibrium distribution of wealth in an economy where firms' productivities are subject to idiosyncratic shocks, returns on factors are determined in competitive markets, dynasties have linear consumption functions…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2009-06-11 Davide Fiaschi , Matteo Marsili

We focus on the problem of how wealth is distributed among the units of a networked economic system. We first review the empirical results documenting that in many economies the wealth distribution is described by a combination of…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2008-12-02 Diego Garlaschelli , Maria I. Loffredo

We introduce a minimal agent-based model to qualitatively conceptualize the allocation of limited wealth among more abundant opportunities. We study the interplay of power, satisfaction and frustration in distribution, concentration, and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-10-05 Benoit Mahault , Avadh Saxena , Cristiano Nisoli

We present a stylized model with feedback loops for the evolution of a population's wealth over generations. Individuals have both talent and wealth: talent is a random variable distributed identically for everyone, but wealth is a random…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Krishna Acharya , Eshwar Ram Arunachaleswaran , Sampath Kannan , Aaron Roth , Juba Ziani

We investigate the wealth evolution in a system of agents that exchange wealth through a disordered network in presence of an additive stochastic Gaussian noise. We show that the resulting wealth distribution is shaped by the degree…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-12-02 T. Di Matteo , T. Aste , S. T. Hyde

Different models to study the wealth distribution in an artificial society have considered a transactional dynamics as the driving force. Those models include a risk aversion factor, but also a finite probability of favoring the poorer…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-11 M. A. Fuentes , M. N. Kuperman , J. R. Iglesias

We study the effect of the social stratification on the wealth distribution on a system of interacting economic agents that are constrained to interact only within their own economic class. The economical mobility of the agents is related…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-11 M. F. Laguna , S. Risau Gusman , J. R. Iglesias

This paper reviews recent attempts at modelling inequality of wealth as an emergent phenomenon of interacting-agent processes. We point out that recent models of wealth condensation which draw their inspiration from molecular dynamics have,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Thomas Lux

Simple agent based exchange models are a commonplace in the study of wealth distribution of artificial societies. Generally, each agent is characterized by its wealth and by a risk-aversion factor, and random exchanges between agents allow…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2009-11-11 G. M. Caon , S. Goncalves , J. R. Iglesias

Empirical distributions of wealth and income can be reproduced using simplified agent-based models of economic interactions, analogous to microscopic collisions of gas particles. Building upon these models of freely interacting agents, we…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-03-10 Lennart Fernandes , Jacques Tempere

We discuss the equivalence between kinetic wealth-exchange models, in which agents exchange wealth during trades, and mechanical models of particles, exchanging energy during collisions. The universality of the underlying dynamics is shown…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2009-11-13 Anirban Chakraborti , Marco Patriarca

In the manuscript, we are interested in using kinetic theory to better understand the time evolution of wealth distribution and their large scale behavior such as the evolution of inequality (e.g. Gini index). We investigate three type of…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-05-18 Fei Cao , Sebastien Motsch

We provide an exact solution to the ideal-gas-like models studied in econophysics to understand the microscopic origin of Pareto-law. In these class of models the key ingredient necessary for having a self-organized scale-free steady-state…

Physics and Society · Physics 2008-12-02 P. K. Mohanty

We investigate the unbiased model for money exchanges: agents give at random time a dollar to one another (if they have one). Surprisingly, this dynamics eventually leads to a geometric distribution of wealth (shown empirically by…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-08-12 Fei Cao , Pierre-Emmanuel Jabin