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The ambition of harnessing the quantum for computation is at odds with the fundamental phenomenon of decoherence. The purpose of quantum error correction (QEC) is to counteract the natural tendency of a complex system to decohere. This…

A quantum error-correcting code is defined to be a unitary mapping (encoding) of k qubits (2-state quantum systems) into a subspace of the quantum state space of n qubits such that if any t of the qubits undergo arbitrary decoherence, not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-28 A. R. Calderbank , Peter W. Shor

Quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) and decoherence-free subspace (DFS) codes provide active and passive means, respectively, to address certain types of errors that arise during quantum computation. The latter technique is suitable to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-02 Nihar Ranjan Dash , Sanjoy Dutta , R. Srikanth , Subhashish Banerjee

With quantum devices rapidly approaching qualities and scales needed for fault tolerance, the validity of simplified error models underpinning the study of quantum error correction needs to be experimentally evaluated. In this work, we have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-11 Spiro Gicev , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg , Muhammad Usman

Reliable quantum information processing in the face of errors is a major fundamental and technological challenge. Quantum error correction protects quantum states by encoding a logical quantum bit (qubit) in multiple physical qubits. To be…

The theory of stabilizer quantum error correction allows us to actively stabilize quantum states and simulate ideal quantum operations in a noisy environment. It is critical is to correctly diagnose noise from its syndrome and nullify it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-03 Yuichiro Fujiwara

We develop error-tolerant quantum state discrimination(QSD) strategies that maintain reliable performance under moderate noise. Two complementary approaches are proposed: CrossQSD, which generalizes unambiguous discrimination with tunable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Chien-Kai Ma , Bo-Hung Chen , Tian-Fu Chen , Dah-Wei Chiou , Jie-Hong Roland Jiang

Quantum error correction (QEC) is considered a deciding component in enabling practical quantum computing. Stabilizer codes, and in particular topological surface codes, are promising candidates for implementing QEC by redundantly encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Josias Old , Stephan Tasler , Michael J. Hartmann , Markus Müller

Quantum entanglement is a unique criterion of the quantum realm and an essential tool to secure quantum communication. Ensuring high-fidelity entanglement has always been a challenging task owing to interaction with the hostile channel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Syed Emad Uddin Shubha , Md. Saifur Rahman , M. R. C. Mahdy

Contrary to the assumption that most quantum error-correcting codes (QECC) make, it is expected that phase errors are much more likely than bit errors in physical devices. By employing the entanglement-assisted stabilizer formalism, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-04-27 Yuichiro Fujiwara , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

The surface code is one the most promising alternatives for implementing fault-tolerant, large-scale quantum information processing. Its high threshold for single-qubit errors under stochastic noise is one of its most attrative features. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-29 Pejman Jouzdani , E. Novais , I. S. Tupitsyn , Eduardo R. Mucciolo

Most quantum error correcting codes are predicated on the assumption that there exists a reservoir of qubits in the state $\ket{0}$, which can be used as ancilla qubits to prepare multi-qubit logical states. In this report, we examine the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-30 Ben Criger , Osama Moussa , Raymond Laflamme

Certain physical aspects of quantum error correction are discussed for a quantum computer (n-qubit register) in contact with a decohering environment. Under rather plausible assumptions upon the form of the computer-environment interaction,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 M. Biskup , P. Cejnar , R. Kotecky

In quantum error correction, it is an important assumption that errors on different qubits are independent. In our previous work [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 92}, 052320 (2015)], the generality of the concatenated five-qubit code has been investgated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-01 Long Huang , Xiaohua Wu , Tao Zhou

A fundamental requirement for enabling fault-tolerant quantum information processing is an efficient quantum error-correcting code (QECC) that robustly protects the involved fragile quantum states from their environment. Just as classical…

Protecting quantum information through quantum error correction (QEC) is a cornerstone of future fault-tolerant quantum computation. However, current QEC-protected logical qubits have only achieved coherence times about twice those of their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-30 Weizhou Cai , Zi-Jie Chen , Ming Li , Qing-Xuan Jie , Xu-Bo Zou , Guang-Can Guo , Luyan Sun , Chang-Ling Zou

Quantum error correction is expected to be essential in large-scale quantum technologies. However, the substantial overhead of qubits it requires is thought to greatly limit its utility in smaller, near-term devices. Here we introduce a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-20 David Layden , Mo Chen , Paola Cappellaro

We give an introduction to the theory of quantum error correction using stabilizer codes that is geared towards the working computer scientists and mathematicians with an interest in exploring this area. To this end, we begin with an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Zachary P. Bradshaw , Jeffrey J. Dale , Ethan N. Evans

Quantum error correction (QEC) is an essential step towards realising scalable quantum computers. Theoretically, it is possible to achieve arbitrarily long protection of quantum information from corruption due to decoherence or imperfect…

The known quantum error-correcting codes are typically built on approximative open-quantum-system models such as Born--Markov master equations. However, it is an open question how such codes perform in actual physical systems that, to some…