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We develop an automated framework for proving lower bounds on the bilinear complexity of matrix multiplication over finite fields. Our approach systematically combines orbit classification of the restricted first matrix and dynamic…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chengu Wang

We study the known techniques for designing Matrix Multiplication algorithms. The two main approaches are the Laser method of Strassen, and the Group theoretic approach of Cohn and Umans. We define a generalization based on zeroing outs…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Josh Alman , Virginia Vassilevska Williams

A tight $\Omega((n/\sqrt{M})^{\log_2 7}M)$ lower bound is derived on the \io complexity of Strassen's algorithm to multiply two $n \times n$ matrices, in a two-level storage hierarchy with $M$ words of fast memory. A proof technique is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-05-10 Gianfranco Bilardi , Lorenzo De Stefani

This paper presents a method to analyze the powers of a given trilinear form (a special kind of algebraic constructions also called a tensor) and obtain upper bounds on the asymptotic complexity of matrix multiplication. Compared with…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-10-05 François Le Gall

Matrix multiplication is a cornerstone operation in a wide array of scientific fields, including machine learning and computer graphics. The standard algorithm for matrix multiplication has a complexity of $\mathcal{O}(n^3)$ for $n\times n$…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Afzal Ahmad , Linfeng Du , Wei Zhang

Fast matrix-by-matrix multiplication (hereafter MM) is a highly recognized research subject. The record upper bound 3 of 1968 on the exponent of the complexity MM decreased below 2.38 by 1987, applies to celebrated problems in many areas of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-12 Victor Y. Pan

Matrix multiplication is a fundamental kernel in high performance computing. Many algorithms for fast matrix multiplication can only be applied to enormous matrices ($n>10^{100}$) and thus cannot be used in practice. Of all algorithms…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Oded Schwartz , Eyal Zwecher

We show that assuming the availability of the processor with variable precision arithmetic, we can compute matrix-by-matrix multiplications in $O(N^2log_2N)$ computational complexity. We replace the standard matrix-by-matrix multiplications…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Maciej Paszyński

Denote by $w(T)$ the numerical radius of a matrix $T$. An elementary proof is given to the fact that $w(AB) \leq w(A)w(B)$ for a pair of commuting matrices of order two, and characterization is given for the matrix pairs that attain the…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-03-01 Chi-Kwong Li , Yiu-Tung Poon

Determining the asymptotic algebraic complexity of matrix multiplication, succinctly represented by the matrix multiplication exponent $\omega$, is a central problem in algebraic complexity theory. The best upper bounds on $\omega$, leading…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Matthias Christandl , Péter Vrana , Jeroen Zuiddam

Fast matrix multiplication is one of the most fundamental problems in algorithm research. The exponent of the optimal time complexity of matrix multiplication is usually denoted by $\omega$. This paper discusses new ideas for improving the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Ran Duan , Hongxun Wu , Renfei Zhou

We present a new improvement on the laser method for designing fast matrix multiplication algorithms. The new method further develops the recent advances by [Duan, Wu, Zhou FOCS 2023] and [Vassilevska Williams, Xu, Xu, Zhou SODA 2024].…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Josh Alman , Ran Duan , Virginia Vassilevska Williams , Yinzhan Xu , Zixuan Xu , Renfei Zhou

We propose a more accurate variant of an algorithm for multiplying 4x4 matrices using 48 multiplications over any ring containing an inverse of 2. This algorithm has an error bound exponent of only log 4 $\gamma$$\infty$,2 $\approx$ 2.386.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jean-Guillaume Dumas , Clément Pernet , Alexandre Sedoglavic

Algebraic matrix multiplication algorithms are designed by bounding the rank of matrix multiplication tensors, and then using a recursive method. However, designing algorithms in this way quickly leads to large constant factors: if one…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Josh Alman , Hantao Yu

In 2003, Cohn and Umans described a framework for proving upper bounds on the exponent $\omega$ of matrix multiplication by reducing matrix multiplication to group algebra multiplication, and in 2005 Cohn, Kleinberg, Szegedy, and Umans…

The well known algorithm of Volker Strassen for matrix multiplication can only be used for $(m2^k \times m2^k)$ matrices. For arbitrary $(n \times n)$ matrices one has to add zero rows and columns to the given matrices to use Strassen's…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2011-05-25 Ivo Hedtke

The problems that we consider in this paper are as follows. Let A and B be 2x2 matrices (over reals). Let w(A, B) be a word of length n. After evaluating w(A, B) as a product of matrices, we get a 2x2 matrix, call it W. What is the largest…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-11 Vladimir Shpilrain

The rank of the matrix multiplication operator for nxn matrices is one of the most studied quantities in algebraic complexity theory. I prove that the rank is at least n^2-o(n^2). More precisely, for any integer p\leq n -1, the rank is at…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-10-31 J. M. Landsberg

We present a new algorithm for fast matrix multiplication using tensor decompositions which have special features. Thanks to these features we obtain exponents lower than what the rank of the tensor decomposition suggests. In particular for…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Manuel Kauers , Jakob Moosbauer , Isaac Wood

One of the most famous conjectures in computer algebra is that matrix multiplication might be feasible in not much more than quadratic time. The best known exponent is 2.376, due to Coppersmith and Winograd. Many attempts to solve this…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2011-08-22 Nicolas T. Courtois , Gregory V. Bard , Daniel Hulme