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An unsolved issue in the standard core accretion model for gaseous planet formation is how kilometre-sized planetesimals form from, initially, micron-sized dust grains. Solid growth beyond metre sizes can be difficult both because the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 W. K. M. Rice , G. Lodato , J. E. Pringle , P. J. Armitage , I. A. Bonnell

We suggest that planets, brown dwarfs, and even low mass stars can be formed by fragmentation of protoplanetary disks around very massive stars M>~100 solar masses. We discuss how fragmentation conditions make the formation of very massive…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-18 Amit Kashi , Noam Soker

I argue for two modes of gas giant planet formation and discuss the conditions under which each mode operates. Gas giant planets at disk radii $r>100$ AU are likely to form in situ by disk instability, while core accretion plus gas capture…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2009-09-15 Aaron C. Boley

Observational studies show that the probability of finding gas giant planets around a star increases with the star's metallicity. Our latest simulations of disks undergoing gravitational instabilities (GIs) with realistic radiative cooling…

We investigate the fragmentation criterion in massive self-gravitating discs. We present new analysis of the fragmentation conditions which we test by carrying out global three-dimensional numerical simulations. Whilst previous work has…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-19 Farzana Meru , Matthew R. Bate

Observations of structure in circumstellar debris discs provide circumstantial evidence for the presence of massive planets at large (several tens of au) orbital radii, where the timescale for planet formation via core accretion is…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Dimitri Veras , Philip J. Armitage

Past studies have revealed the dependency of the disc parameters (mass, radius, viscosity, grain fragmentation velocity, dust-to-gas ratio) on the formation of giant planets, where more massive discs seem beneficial for giant planet…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-18 Angie Daniela Guzmán Franco , Sofia Savvidou , Bertram Bitsch

The evolution of gravitationally unstable protoplanetary gaseous disks has been studied with the use of three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations with unprecedented resolution. We have considered disks with initial…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Lucio Mayer , Thomas Quinn , James Wadsley , Joachim Stadel

We present two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of self-gravitating protostellar disks subject to axisymmetric infall from envelopes and irradiation from the central star, to explore disk fragmentation due to gravitational instability…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 Zhaohuan Zhu , Lee Hartmann , Richard P. Nelson , Charles F. Gammie

Theories of planet formation predict the birth of giant planets in the inner, dense, and gas-rich regions of the circumstellar disks around young stars. These are the regions from which strong CO emission is expected. Observations have so…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 Zs. Regaly , L. Kiss , Zs. Sandor , C. P. Dullemond

It has recently been noted that many discs around T Tauri stars appear to comprise only a few Jupiter-masses of gas and dust. Using millimetre surveys of discs within six local star-formation regions, we confirm this result, and find that…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-19 J. S. Greaves , W. K. M. Rice

Modeling the formation of cold giant planets around M dwarfs is difficult because their disks may not contain enough solids to form massive cores and because forming giants are expected to migrate inward through disk interactions. It is…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-09 Mariana Sanchez , Nienke van der Marel , Michiel Lambrechts , Sijme-Jan Paardekooper , Yamila Miguel

Circumstellar disks are an essential ingredient of the formation of low-mass stars. It is unclear, however, whether the accretion-disk paradigm can also account for the formation of stars more massive than about 10 solar masses, in which…

The disk instability (DI) model for giant planet formation remains an attractive alternative in explaining the formation of giant planets at early times, giant planets at large radial distances, and giant planets orbiting M-stars. In this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-13 Ravit Helled , Oliver Schib , Christian Reinhardt , Noah Kubli , Lucio Mayer , Christoph Mordasini , Gabriele Cugno

To understand giant planet formation, we need to focus on host stars close to $1.7\ \rm M_{\odot}$, where the occurrence rate of these planets is the highest. In this initial study, we carry out pebble-driven core accretion planet formation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-30 Heather Johnston , Olja Panic , Beibei Liu

Planet formation encompasses processes that span a remarkable 40 magnitudes in mass, ranging from collisions between micron-sized grains inherited from the ISM to the accretion of gas by giant planets. The planet formation process takes…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-18 Chris Ormel

Planet formation models are necessary to understand the origins of diverse planetary systems. Circumstellar disc substructures have been proposed as preferred locations of planet formation but a complete formation scenario has not been…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-31 Tommy Chi Ho Lau , Til Birnstiel , Joanna Drążkowska , Sebastian Markus Stammler

We analyse the potential migration of massive planets forming far away from an inner planetary system. For this, we follow the dynamical evolution of the orbital elements of a massive planet undergoing a dissipative process with a gas disc…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-16 Pau Amaro-Seoane , Ignasi Ribas , Ulf Loeckmann , Holger Baumgardt

Context: Pebble accretion is expected to be the dominant process for the formation of massive solid planets, such as the cores of giant planets and super-Earths. So, far, this process has been studied under the assumption that dust…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-07-01 Alessandro Morbidelli

We present a suite of three dimensional radiative gravitational hydrodynamics models suggesting that binary stars may be quite capable of forming planetary systems similar to our own. The new models with binary companions do not employ any…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-12-08 A. P. Boss