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Several models of flocking have been promoted based on simulations with qualitatively naturalistic behavior. In this paper we provide the first direct application of computational modeling methods to infer flocking behavior from…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2015-05-30 Graciano Dieck Kattas , Xiao-Ke Xu , Michael Small

We investigate the emergence of cohesive flocking in open, boundless space using a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework. Agents integrate positional and orientational information from their closest topological neighbours and learn…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-02-02 Martino Brambati , Antonio Celani , Marco Gherardi , Francesco Ginelli

The well-known Cucker-Smale model is a macroscopic system reflecting flocking, i.e. the alignment of velocities in a group of autonomous agents having mutual interactions. In the present paper, we consider the mean-field limit of that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-11-19 Benedetto Piccoli , Francesco Rossi , Emmanuel Trélat

In this paper, we present a model describing the collective motion of birds. The model introduces spontaneous changes in direction which are initialized by few agents, here referred as leaders, whose influence act on their nearest…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Giacomo Albi , Federica Ferrarese

Collective motion in animals and cells often exhibits rapid reorientations and scale-free velocity correlations. This allows information to spread rapidly through the group, allowing an adequate collective response to environmental changes…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-12 Simon Syga , Chandraniva Guha Ray , Josué Manik Nava-Sedeño , Fernando Peruani , Andreas Deutsch

The fundamental derivation of macroscopic model equations to describe swarms based on microscopic movement laws and mathematical analyses into their self-organisation capabilities remains a challenge from the perspective of both modelling…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-07-25 Sara Bernardi , Gissell Estrada-Rodriguez , Heiko Gimperlein , Kevin J. Painter

A mathematical theory on flocking serves the foundation for several ubiquitous multi-agent phenomena in biology, ecology, sensor networks, economy, as well as social behavior like language emergence and evolution. Directly inspired by the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Jackie , Shen

This paper addresses the leader-follower flocking problem with a moving leader for networked Lagrange systems with parametric uncertainties under a proximity graph. Here a group of followers move cohesively with the moving leader to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-07-23 Sheida Ghapani , Jie Mei , Wei Ren , Yongduan Song

The flocking motion control is concerned with managing the possible conflicts between local and team objectives of multi-agent systems. The overall control process guides the agents while monitoring the flock-cohesiveness and localization.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-20 Shuzheng Qu , Mohammed Abouheaf , Wail Gueaieb , Davide Spinello

The cohesive collective motion (flocking, swarming) of autonomous agents is ubiquitously observed and exploited in both natural and man-made settings, thus, minimal models for its description are essential. In a model with continuous space…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-01-12 Illes J. Farkas , Jeromos Kun , Yi Jin , Gaoqi He , Mingliang Xu

Collective motion of bird flocks can be explained via the hypothesis of many wrongs, and/or, a structured leadership mechanism. In pigeons, previous studies have shown that there is a well-defined hierarchical structure and certain specific…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-03 Xiao-Ke Xu , Graciano Dieck Kattas , Michael Small

Populations of self-propelled mobile agents - animal groups, robot swarms or crowds of people - that exchange information with their surrounding, host fascinating cooperative behaviors. While in many situations of interest the agents motion…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-01-28 Demian Levis , Albert Diaz-Guilera , Ignacio Pagonabarraga , Michele Starnini

The motion of pedestrian crowds (e.g. for simulation of an evacuation situation) can be modeled as a multi-body system of self driven particles with repulsive interaction. We use a few simple situations to determine the simplest allowed…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-12-04 B. Steffen

In many multi-agent systems of practical interest, such as traffic networks or crowd evacuation, control actions cannot be exerted on all agents. Instead, controllable leaders must indirectly steer uncontrolled followers through local…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-18 Davide Salzano , Gian Carlo Maffettone , Mario di Bernardo

Collective behavior in biological systems was first captured by the Vicsek model, in which particles align their velocities in the average direction of neighbors, leading to coherent motion and showing an order-disorder transition. However,…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-02-26 Mohit Gaur , Arnab Saha , Subhajit Paul

Starting from recent experimental observations of starlings and jackdaws, we propose a minimal agent-based mathematical model for bird flocks based on a system of second-order delayed stochastic differential equations with discontinuous…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2021-10-08 Emiliano Cristiani , Marta Menci , Marco Papi , Léonard Brafman

Flocking refers to collective behavior of a large number of interacting entities, where the interactions between discrete individuals produce collective motion on the large scale. We employ an agent-based model to describe the microscopic…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-12-23 Zhiping Mao , Zhen Li , George Em Karniadakis

The study of flocking in biological systems has identified conditions for self-organized collective behavior, inspiring the development of decentralized strategies to coordinate the dynamics of swarms of drones and other autonomous…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-11-05 Arthur N. Montanari , Ana Elisa D. Barioni , Chao Duan , Adilson E. Motter

Among natural biological flocks/swarms or even mass social activities, when the collective behaviors of the followers has been dominated by the moving direction or opinion of one leader group, it seems very difficult for later-coming…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-09-30 Hai-Tao Zhang , Ning Wang , Michael Z. Q. Chen , Tao Zhou , Changsong Zhou

When particles move at a constant speed and have the tendency to align their directions of motion, ordered large scale movement can emerge despite significant levels of noise. Many variants of this model of self-propelled particles have…

Biological Physics · Physics 2012-12-11 Matthias Meschede , Oskar Hallatschek