Related papers: Origin of the numerals, Al biruni testimony
Through the pagination of an Arabian Algerian manuscript of the beginning of the 19th century, we rediscover the original shape, the "Ghubari" shape, of the numerals. Contrary to some assumptions, particularly those which claim that they…
The partisans of the hypothesis of the Indian origin of the numerals create confusion between the history of the Indian mathematics and the history of our modern numerals. To argue the thesis of the Indian origin of the numbers they…
Sur l'origine des chiffres arabes A. Boucenna 1 From the pagination of an Algerian Arabic manuscript of the beginning of the 19th century,we rediscover the original shape that the Arabic numerals had before passing in Europe and underwent…
Despite the extensive amount of scholarly work done on Indian mathematics in the last 200 years, the conditions under which it originated and evolved is still not clear. Often, one reads the ancient texts with the present concepts and…
This work explores a possible course of evolution of mathematics in ancient times in India when there was no script, no place-value system, and no zero. Reviewing examples of time-reckoning, large numbers, sacrificial altar-making, and…
In point of fact the Indian tradition in mathematics is long and glorious. It dates back to earliest times, and indeed many of the Indian discoveries from 5000 years ago correspond rather naturally to modern mathematical results.
The numeral systems of Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi, Gujarati, and Bengali are highly unusual in that unlike most numeral systems (e.g., those of English, Chinese, etc.), forms referring to 1--99 are highly non-transparent and cannot…
In this survey paper, I first review the history of Bernoulli numbers, then examine the modern definition of Bernoulli numbers and the appearance of Bernoulli numbers in expansion of functions. I revisit some properties of Bernoulli numbers…
The Fibonacci numbers are familiar to all of us. They appear unexpectedly often in mathematics, so much there is an entire journal and a sequence of conferences dedicated to their study. However, there is also another sequence of numbers…
While the prime numbers have been subject to mathematical inquiry since the ancient Greeks, the accumulated effort of understanding these numbers has - as Marcus du Sautoy recently phrased it - 'not revealed the origins of what makes the…
Prime numbers or primes are man's eternal treasures that have been cherished for several millennia, until today. As their academic ancestors in ancient Mesopotamia, many mathematicians are still trying hard to see primes better. I shall…
In this paper we present experimental ways of evaluating Ramanujan`s quantities which as someone can see are related with algebraic numbers. The good thing with algebraic numbers is that can be found in a closed form, from there…
We announce a number of conjectures associated with and arising from a study of primes and irrationals in $\mathbb{R}$. All are supported by numerical verification to the extent possible.
In the middle of the third millennium BC the Sumerians must have noticed that the reciprocal of the number 7,in contrast to the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,and 6,could not be expressed by a finite sexagesimal fraction but it recurred every three…
Between the ninth and fifteenth centuries, several Arab mathematicians studied numerical algorithms on integers. The extraction of the square root of an integer is based on an algorithm known at least since al-Khwarizmi (died around 850)…
The distribution of the sizes of clusters is not continuous, but rather has local maxima. The numbers of atoms of those maxima distribution is called magic numbers. Two methods of determining magic numbers are firstly introduced, followed…
Research into statistical parsing for English has enjoyed over a decade of successful results. However, adapting these models to other languages has met with difficulties. Previous comparative work has shown that Modern Arabic is one of the…
The chronicle of prime numbers travel back thousands of years in human history. Not only the traits of prime numbers have surprised people, but also all those endeavors made for ages to find a pattern in the appearance of prime numbers has…
Did the Indian and Babylonian astronomy evolve in isolation, was there mutual influence, or was one dependent on the other? Scholars have debated these questions for more than two centuries, and opinion has swung one way or the other with…
Back in 1755, Euler explored an interesting array of numbers that now frequently appears in polynomial identities, combinatorial problems, and finite calculus, among other places. These numbers share a strong connection with well-known…