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Several approaches to Hawking radiation on Schwarzschild spacetime rely in some way or another on the fact that the Kruskal manifold has two causally disconnected exterior regions. We investigate the Hawking(-Unruh) effect for a real scalar…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Jorma Louko , Donald Marolf

Quantum effects are studied in both Schwarzschild spacetime and a spacetime in which a null shell collapses to form a black hole via the vacuum polarization $\langle \phi^2 \rangle$ and stress-energy tensor $\langle T_{ab} \rangle$ for a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-21 Paul R. Anderson , Amanda Peake , Shohreh Gholizadeh Siahmazgi

We consider the restoration of a spontaneously broken symmetry of an interacting quantum scalar field around neutral, i.e., Schwarzschild, and electrically charged, i.e., Reissner-Nordstr\"om, black holes in four dimensions. This is done…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-09-25 Gonçalo M. Quinta , Antonino Flachi , José P. S. Lemos

We study the spontaneous excitation of an accelerated multilevel atom in dipole coupling to the derivative of a massless quantum scalar field and separately calculate the contributions of the vacuum fluctuation and radiation reaction to the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-13 Yunfeng Zhu , Hongwei Yu

In the four-dimensional background of Schwarzschild black hole, we investigate the energy densities and fluxes in the freely falling frames for the Boulware, Unruh, and Israel-Hartle-Hawking states. In particular, we study their behaviors…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-05 Wontae Kim , Bibhas Ranjan Majhi

A direct consequence of quantization of gravity would be quantum gravitational vacuum fluctuations which induce quadrupole moments in gravitationally polarizable atoms. In this paper, we study the spontaneous excitation of a gravitationally…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-07-25 Shijing Cheng , Jiawei Hu , Hongwei Yu

The emission of Hawking radiation from a black hole was predicted to be stationary, which is necessary for the correspondence between Hawking radiation and black-body radiation. Spontaneous Hawking radiation was observed in analogue black…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-29 Victor I. Kolobov , Katrine Golubkov , Juan Ramón Muñoz de Nova , Jeff Steinhauer

We examine the response of an Unruh-DeWitt particle detector coupled to a massless scalar field on the (3+1)-dimensional Schwarzschild spacetime, in the Boulware, Hartle-Hawking and Unruh states, for static detectors and detectors on…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-05-06 Lee Hodgkinson , Jorma Louko , Adrian C. Ottewill

We calculate the thermal renormalized energy-momentum tensor components of a massless scalar field, leading to trace anomaly, on a $(1+1)$ dimensional static black hole spacetime. Using these, the energy density and flux, seen by both…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-28 Saurav Samanta , Bibhas Ranjan Majhi

We observe spontaneous Hawking radiation, stimulated by quantum vacuum fluctuations, emanating from an analogue black hole in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. Correlations are observed between the Hawking particles outside the black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-08-09 Jeff Steinhauer

We calculate the free-fall energy density of scalar fields semi-classically by employing the trace anomaly on a two-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole with respect to various black hole states in order to clarify whether something special…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-12-25 Myungseok Eune , Yongwan Gim , Wontae Kim

A scalar field non-minimally coupled to certain geometric [or matter] invariants which are sourced by [electro]vacuum black holes (BHs) may spontaneously grow around the latter, due to a tachyonic instability. This process is expected to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-02-19 Yves Brihaye , Carlos Herdeiro , Eugen Radu

We study a two-level atom in a double--well potential coupled to a continuum of electromagnetic modes (black body radiation in three dimensions at zero absolute temperature). Internal and external degrees of the atom couple due to recoil…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-03-11 Daniel Braun , John Martin

A two-level atom freely falling towards a Schwarzschild black hole was recently shown to detect radiation in the Boulware vacuum in an insightful paper [M. O. Scully et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115, 8131 (2018)]. The two-state…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-10-28 H. E. Camblong , A. Chakraborty , C. R. Ordonez

In this paper we study the vacuum quantum fluctuations of the stationary modes of an uncharged scalar field with mass $m$ around a Schwarzschild black hole with mass $M$, at zero and non-zero temperatures. The procedure consists of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-01-10 C. R. Muniz , M. O. Tahim , M. S. Cunha , H. S. Vieira

We quantize the low-energy sector of a massless scalar field in the Reissner-Nordstrom spacetime. This allows the analysis of processes involving soft scalar particles occurring outside charged black holes. In particular, we compute the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 J. Castineiras , George E. A. Matsas

It has been suggested by Giddings that the origin of Hawking radiation in black holes is a quantum atmosphere of near-horizon quantum region by investigating both the total emission rate and the stress tensor of Hawking radiation.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-10-21 Myungseok Eune , Wontae Kim

We discuss the Gupta-Bleuler quantization of the free electromagnetic field outside static black holes in the Boulware vacuum. We use a gauge which reduces to the Feynman gauge in Minkowski spacetime. We also discuss its relation with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-17 L. C. B. Crispino , A. Higuchi , G. E. A. Matsas

We study the interaction of a stress-energy tensor describing a static point mass supported by a string outside a Schwarzschild black hole with the gravitons of the Hawking radiation. We derive a closed-form analytic expression for the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-11 João P. B. Brito , Atsushi Higuchi , Luís C. B. Crispino

We show that spinless and neutral black holes in thermal equilibrium with radiation undergo fluctuations of charge and angular momentum. The corresponding spreads for a black hole in contact with charged scalar particles is calculated. The…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Marcelo Schiffer