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We deal with the problem of determining the existence and uniqueness of Lagrangians for systems of $n$ second order ordinary differential equations. A number of recent theorems are presented, using exterior differential systems theory…

The fractional calculus of variations is now a subject under strong research. Different definitions for fractional derivatives and integrals are used, depending on the purpose under study. In this paper the fractional operators are defined…

Let $F(y):=\displaystyle\int_t^TL(s, y(s), y'(s))\,ds$ be a positive functional, unnecessarily autonomous, defined on the space $ W^{1,p}([t,T]; \mathbb R^n)$ ($p\ge 1$) of Sobolev functions, possibly with prescribed one or two end point…

A parameter-invariant variational problem with a manifestly covariant Lagrangian function of second order is considered, which covers the case of the free relativistic top at constraint manifold of constant acceleration

We consider fractional isoperimetric problems of calculus of variations with double integrals via the recent modified Riemann-Liouville approach. A necessary optimality condition of Euler-Lagrange type, in the form of a multitime fractional…

Invariant conditions for conformable fractional problems of the calculus of variations under the presence of external forces in the dynamics are studied. Depending on the type of transformations considered, different necessary conditions of…

Based on recent developments in the theory of fractional Sobolev spaces, an interesting new class of nonlocal variational problems has emerged in the literature. These problems, which are the focus of this work, involve integral functionals…

If a Lagrangian defining a variational problem has order $k$ then its Euler-Lagrange equations generically have order $2k$. This paper considers the case where the Euler-Lagrange equations have order strictly less than $2k$, and shows that…

In the inverse problem of the calculus of variations one is asked to find a Lagrangian and a multiplier so that a given differential equation, after multiplying with the multiplier, becomes the Euler--Lagrange equation for the Lagrangian.…

We deal with boundary value problems for second-order nonlinear elliptic equations in divergence form, which emerge as Euler-Lagrange equations of integral functionals of the Calculus of Variations built upon possibly anisotropic norms of…

The paper is mainly devoted to systematic developments and applications of geometric aspects of second-order variational analysis that are revolved around the concept of parabolic regularity of sets. This concept has been known in…

Ostrogradsky instability generally appears in nondegenerate higher-order derivative theories and this issue can be resolved by removing any existing degeneracy present in such theories. We consider an action involving terms that are at most…

The regularity of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function, in both discrete and continuous contexts, and for both centered and noncentered variants, has been subjected to intense study for the last two decades. But efforts so far have…

Let $L:\mathbb R\times \mathbb R\to [0, +\infty[\,\cup\{+\infty\}$ be a Borel function. We consider the problem \begin{equation}\tag{P}\min F(y)=\int_0^1L(y(t), y'(t))\,dt: y(0)=0,\, y\in W^{1,1}([0,1],\mathbb R).\end{equation} We give an…

Isoperimetric problems consist in minimizing or maximizing a cost functional subject to an integral constraint. In this work, we present two fractional isoperimetric problems where the Lagrangian depends on a combined Caputo derivative of…

For a class of functionals having the $(p,q)$-growth, we establish an improved range of exponents $p$, $q$ for which the Lavrentiev phenomenon does not occur. The proof is based on a standard mollification argument and Young convolution…

In this work, we analyse the discretisation of a recently proposed new Lagrangian approach to optimal control problems of affine-controlled second-order differential equations with cost functions quadratic in the controls. We propose exact…

We prove necessary optimality conditions, in the class of continuous functions, for variational problems defined with Jumarie's modified Riemann-Liouville derivative. The fractional basic problem of the calculus of variations with free…

Local convergence analysis of the augmented Lagrangian method (ALM) is established for a large class of composite optimization problems with nonunique Lagrange multipliers under a second-order sufficient condition. We present a new…

The Lagrangian formalism for variational problem for second-order delay ordinary differential equations (DODEs) is developed. The Noether-type operator identities and theorems for DODEs of second order are presented. Algebraic construction…