Related papers: EAS Longitudinal Development and the Knee

The Shape of EAS Lateral Distribution and Primary Composition of the UHE Cosmic Rays

Theoretical predictions for lateral distribution function of electrons in extensive air showers based on scaling formalism are presented. Our results are tested by comparison with AGASA experimental data taking into account the contribution…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 R. I. Raikin , A. A. Lagutin , N. Inoue , A. Misaki

The <lnA> study in the primary energy range 10^{16} - 10^{17} eV with the Muon Tracking Detector in the KASCADE-Grande experiment

The KASCADE-Grande Muon Tracking Detector enables with high accuracy the measurement of directions of EAS muons with energy above 0.8 GeV and up to 700 m distance from the shower centre. Reconstructed muon tracks are used to investigate…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2013-08-12 P. Łuczak , W. D. Apel , J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez , K. Bekk , M. Bertaina , J. Blümer , H. Bozdog , I. M. Brancus , E. Cantoni , A. Chiavassa , F. Cossavella , C. Curcio , K. Daumiller , V. de Souza , F. Di Pierro , P. Doll , R. Engel , J. Engler , B. Fuchs , D. Fuhrmann , H. J. Gils , R. Glasstetter , C. Grupen , A. Haungs , D. Heck , J. R. Hörandel , D. Huber , T. Huege , K. -H. Kampert , D. Kang , H. O. Klages , K. Link , M. Ludwig , H. J. Mathes , H. J. Mayer , M. Melissas , J. Milke , B. Mitrica , C. Morello , J. Oehlschläger , S. Ostapchenko , N. Palmieri , M. Petcu , T. Pierog , H. Rebel , M. Roth , H. Schieler , S. Schoo , F. G. Schröder , O. Sima , G. Toma , G. C. Trinchero , H. Ulrich , A. Weindl , J. Wochele , J. Zabierowski

Measurement of attenuation length of the muon content in extensive air showers from 0.3 to 30 PeV with LHAASO

The attenuation length of the muon content in extensive air showers provides important information regarding the generation and development of air showers. This information can be used not only to improve the description of such showers but…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2026-01-07 The LHAASO Collaboration , Zhen Cao , F. Aharonian , Y. X. Bai , Y. W. Bao , D. Bastieri , X. J. Bi , Y. J. Bi , W. Bian , J. Blunier , A. V. Bukevich , C. M. Cai , Y. Y. Cai , W. Y. Cao , Zhe Cao , J. Chang , J. F. Chang , E. S. Chen , G. H. Chen , H. K. Chen , L. F. Chen , Liang Chen , Long Chen , M. J. Chen , M. L. Chen , Q. H. Chen , S. Chen , S. H. Chen , S. Z. Chen , T. L. Chen , X. B. Chen , X. J. Chen , X. P. Chen , Y. Chen , N. Cheng , Q. Y. Cheng , Y. D. Cheng , M. Y. Cui , S. W. Cui , X. H. Cui , Y. D. Cui , B. Z. Dai , H. L. Dai , Z. G. Dai , Danzengluobu , Y. X. Diao , A. J. Dong , X. Q. Dong , K. K. Duan , J. H. Fan , Y. Z. Fan , J. Fang , J. H. Fang , K. Fang , C. F. Feng , H. Feng , L. Feng , S. H. Feng , X. T. Feng , Y. Feng , Y. L. Feng , S. Gabici , B. Gao , Q. Gao , W. Gao , W. K. Gao , M. M. Ge , T. T. Ge , L. S. Geng , G. Giacinti , G. H. Gong , Q. B. Gou , M. H. Gu , F. L. Guo , J. Guo , K. J. Guo , X. L. Guo , Y. Q. Guo , Y. Y. Guo , R. P. Han , O. A. Hannuksela , M. Hasan , H. H. He , H. N. He , J. Y. He , X. Y. He , Y. He , S. Hernández-Cadena , B. W. Hou , C. Hou , X. Hou , H. B. Hu , S. C. Hu , C. Huang , D. H. Huang , J. J. Huang , X. L. Huang , X. T. Huang , X. Y. Huang , Y. Huang , Y. Y. Huang , A. Inventar , X. L. Ji , H. Y. Jia , K. Jia , H. B. Jiang , K. Jiang , X. W. Jiang , Z. J. Jiang , M. Jin , S. Kaci , M. M. Kang , I. Karpikov , D. Khangulyan , D. Kuleshov , K. Kurinov , Cheng Li , Cong Li , D. Li , F. Li , H. B. Li , H. C. Li , Jian Li , Jie Li , K. Li , L. Li , R. L. Li , S. D. Li , T. Y. Li , W. L. Li , X. R. Li , Xin Li , Y. Li , Zhe Li , Zhuo Li , E. W. Liang , Y. F. Liang , S. J. Lin , B. Liu , C. Liu , D. Liu , D. B. Liu , H. Liu , J. Liu , J. L. Liu , J. R. Liu , M. Y. Liu , R. Y. Liu , S. M. Liu , W. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , Y. Liu , Y. N. Liu , Y. Q. Lou , Q. Luo , Y. Luo , H. K. Lv , B. Q. Ma , L. L. Ma , X. H. Ma , I. O. Maliy , J. R. Mao , Z. Min , W. Mitthumsiri , Y. Mizuno , G. B. Mou , A. Neronov , K. C. Y. Ng , M. Y. Ni , L. Nie , L. J. Ou , Z. W. Ou , P. Pattarakijwanich , Z. Y. Pei , D. Y. Peng , J. C. Qi , M. Y. Qi , J. J. Qin , D. Qu , A. Raza , C. Y. Ren , D. Ruffolo , A. Sáiz , D. Savchenko , D. Semikoz , L. Shao , O. Shchegolev , Y. Z. Shen , X. D. Sheng , Z. D. Shi , F. W. Shu , H. C. Song , Yu. V. Stenkin , V. Stepanov , Y. Su , D. X. Sun , H. Sun , J. X. Sun , Q. N. Sun , X. N. Sun , Z. B. Sun , N. H. Tabasam , J. Takata , P. H. T. Tam , H. B. Tan , Q. W. Tang , R. Tang , Z. B. Tang , W. W. Tian , C. N. Tong , L. H. Wan , C. Wang , D. H. Wang , G. W. Wang , H. G. Wang , J. C. Wang , K. Wang , Kai Wang , Kai Wang , L. P. Wang , L. Y. Wang , L. Y. Wang , R. Wang , W. Wang , X. G. Wang , X. J. Wang , X. Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. D. Wang , Z. H. Wang , Z. X. Wang , Zheng Wang , D. M. Wei , J. J. Wei , Y. J. Wei , T. Wen , S. S. Weng , C. Y. Wu , H. R. Wu , Q. W. Wu , S. Wu , X. F. Wu , Y. S. Wu , S. Q. Xi , J. Xia , J. J. Xia , G. M. Xiang , D. X. Xiao , G. Xiao , Y. F. Xiao , Y. L. Xin , H. D. Xing , Y. Xing , D. R. Xiong , B. N. Xu , C. Y. Xu , D. L. Xu , R. F. Xu , R. X. Xu , S. S. Xu , W. L. Xu , L. Xue , D. H. Yan , T. Yan , C. W. Yang , C. Y. Yang , F. F. Yang , L. L. Yang , M. J. Yang , R. Z. Yang , W. X. Yang , Z. H. Yang , Z. G. Yao , X. A. Ye , L. Q. Yin , N. Yin , X. H. You , Z. Y. You , Q. Yuan , H. Yue , H. D. Zeng , T. X. Zeng , W. Zeng , X. T. Zeng , M. Zha , B. B. Zhang , B. T. Zhang , C. Zhang , H. Zhang , H. M. Zhang , H. Y. Zhang , J. L. Zhang , J. Y. Zhang , Li Zhang , P. F. Zhang , R. Zhang , S. R. Zhang , S. S. Zhang , S. Y. Zhang , W. Zhang , W. Y. Zhang , X. Zhang , X. P. Zhang , Yi Zhang , Yong Zhang , Z. P. Zhang , J. Zhao , L. Zhao , L. Z. Zhao , S. P. Zhao , X. H. Zhao , Z. H. Zhao , F. Zheng , T. C. Zheng , B. Zhou , H. Zhou , J. N. Zhou , M. Zhou , P. Zhou , R. Zhou , X. X. Zhou , X. X. Zhou , B. Y. Zhu , C. G. Zhu , F. R. Zhu , H. Zhu , K. J. Zhu , Y. C. Zou , X. Zuo

A new observable in extensive air showers

We find that the ratio r_{mu e} of the muon to the electromagnetic component of an extended air shower at the ground level provides an indirect measure of the depth X_{max} of the shower maximum. This result, obtained with the air-shower…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-10-18 C. A. García Canal , J. I. Illana , M. Masip , S. J. Sciutto

Primary Energy Spectrum and Mass Composition Determined with the Tunka EAS Cherenkov Array

New results of 300 hours of operation of the Tunka array are presented. An improved parametrization of the Cherenkov light lateral distribution function (LDF), based on CORSIKA Monte Carlo simulations and the experiment QUEST, has been used…

Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-30 D. Chernov , E. Korosteleva , L. Kuzmichev , V. Prosin , I. Yashin , N. Budnev , O. Gress , T. Gress , L. Pankov , Yu. Parfenov , Yu. Semeney , B. Lubsandorzhiev , P. Pohil , T. Schmidt , C. Spiering , R. Wischnewski

Multi-wavelength observation of cosmic-ray air-showers with CODALEMA/EXTASIS

Since 2003, significant efforts have been devoted to the understanding of the radio emission of extensive air shower in the range [20-200] MHz. Despite some studies led until the early nineties, the [1-10] MHz band has remained unused for…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-06-12 Antony Escudie , Didier Charrier , Richard Dallier , Daniel García-Fernández , Alain Lecacheux , Lilian Martin , Benoît Revenu

Anomalous Longitudinal Shower Profiles and Hadronic Interactions

The bulk of air showers initiated by very high energy cosmic rays exhibits a longitudinal development in depth with a single well-defined shower maximum. However, a small fraction of showers has a profile that differs considerably from this…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-03 Colin Baus , Ralph Engel , Tanguy Pierog , Ralf Ulrich , Michael Unger

A comprehensive study of shower to shower fluctuations

By means of Monte Carlo simulations of extensive air showers (EAS), we have performed a comprehensive study of the shower to shower fluctuations affecting the longitudinal and lateral development of EAS. We split the fluctuations into…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2011-02-03 P. M. Hansen , J. Alvarez-Muniz , R. A. Vazquez

Cosmic ray spectrum in the energy range 1.0E15-1.0E18 eV and the second knee according to the small Cherenkov setup at the Yakutsk EAS array

From the data on Cherenkov light from EASs collected over the period of more than 15 years, the spectrum of cosmic rays was obtained in the energy range 1.0E15-1.0E18 eV. This spectrum has two features: at ~3.0E15 eV (first knee) and at…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2013-10-09 S. P. Knurenko , Z. E. Petrov , R. Sidorov , I. Ye. Sleptsov , S. K. Starostin , G. G. Struchkov

Reconciling the light component and all-particle cosmic ray energy spectra at the knee

The knee phenomenon of the cosmic ray spectrum, which plays an important role in studying the acceleration mechanism of cosmic rays, is still an unsolved mystery. We try to reconcile the knee spectra measured by ARGO-YBJ and Tibet-III. A…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-10-22 Yi Zhao , Huan-Yu Jia , Feng-Rong Zhu

Energy Spectra of Elemental Groups of Cosmic Rays: Update on the KASCADE Unfolding Analysis

The KASCADE experiment measures extensive air showers induced by cosmic rays in the energy range around the so-called knee. The data of KASCADE have been used in a composition analysis showing the knee at 3-5 PeV to be caused by a…

Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-18 KASCADE Collaboration , W. D. Apel

Joint constraint on the propagation origin of the cosmic-ray spectral knee from energy spectrum and anisotropy observations

The origin mechanism of the cosmic-ray knee region remains an unresolved mystery, with acceleration, interaction, and propagation models drawing significant attention. The latest experimental observations of the PeV total spectrum,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-17 Hua Yue , Lin Nie , Yi-Qing Guo , Hong-Bo Hu

Ankle phenomenon in the cosmic ray energy spectrum

The author has suggested that the knee phenomenon in the cosmic ray energy spectrum at 3 PeV can be explained as a split between a radiation-dominated expansion and a matter-dominated expansion of an expanding heat bath. The model proposed…

General Physics · Physics 2015-06-11 Yukio Tomozawa

Penetrating component in cosmic rays

We present a study of the high energy spectra of hadrons in cores of extensive air showers. These data were obtained for the first time in the hybrid {\it HADRON} experiment (Tien-Shan) by means of a large X-ray emulsion chamber combined…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-05-27 Sergey Shaulov

The spectrum of high-energy cosmic rays measured with KASCADE-Grande

The energy spectrum of cosmic rays between 10**16 eV and 10**18 eV, derived from measurements of the shower size (total number of charged particles) and the total muon number of extensive air showers by the KASCADE-Grande experiment, is…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2012-08-27 Grande Collaboration , W. D. Apel , J. C. Arteaga-Velazquez , K. Bekk , M. Bertaina , J. Bluemer , H. Bozdog , I. M. Brancus , P. Buchholz , E. Cantoni , A. Chiavassa , F. Cossavella , K. Daumiller , V. de Souza , F. Di Pierro , P. Doll , R. Engel , J. Engler , M. Finger , D. Fuhrmann , P. L. Ghia , H. J. Gils , R. Glasstetter , C. Grupen , A. Haungs , D. Heck , J. R. Hoerandel , D. Huber , T. Huege , K. -H. Kampert , D. Kang , D. Kickelbick , H. O. Klages , K. Link , P. Luczak , M. Ludwig , H. J. Mathes , H. J. Mayer , M. Melissas , J. Milke , B. Mitrica , C. Morello , G. Navarra , J. Oehlschlaeger , S. Ostapchenko , S. Over , N. Palmieri , M. Petcu , T. Pierog , H. Rebel , M. Roth , H. Schieler , F. G. Schroeder , O. Sima , G. Toma , G. C. Trinchero , H. Ulrich , A. Weindl , J. Wochele , M. Wommer , J. Zabierowski

Revisiting the Longitudinal Development of Electromagnetic Air Showers: Analytical Improvements to the Greisen Formalism with Zenith Angle Dependence

We present a new analytical approach to the longitudinal development of electromagnetic air showers, offering improvements to the classical Greisen formalism. We introduce a novel profile for the slope function $\lambda_1(s)$ that achieves…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-04-21 Sebastián Mendizabal , Nicolás Viaux M. , Sebastián Tapia , Raquel Pezoa R. , Barbara Gutiérrez , Constanza Valdivieso

Local shower age and segmented slope parameters of lateral density distributions of cosmic ray shower particles

The paper describes lateral density distributions of electrons and muons of cosmic ray extensive air showers (EAS) in the energy regime of the KASCADE experiment. Potential EAS observables are extracted while some suitable lateral…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-06-04 Rajat K. Dey

The equation of state for neutron stars with speed of sound constraints via Bayesian inference

The parametrized equation of state (EOS) of neutron stars is investigated by Bayesian inference method with various constraints from both nuclear physics and modern astronomical observations. The expansion coefficients correspond to the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-09-04 Xieyuan Dong , Hong Shen , Jinniu Hu , Ying Zhang

Cosmic Ray Air Shower Characteristics in the Framework of the Parton-Based Gribov-Regge Model NEXUS

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first we want to introduce a new type of hadronic interaction model (NEXUS), which has a much more solid theoretical basis as, for example, presently used models like QGSJET and VENUS, and ensures…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-31 G. Bossard , H. J. Drescher , N. N. Kalmykov , S. Ostapchenko , A. I. Pavlov , T. Pierog , E. A. Vishnevskaya , K. Werner

The knee in the cosmic ray energy spectrum: a pulsar/supernova origin?

The origin of the prominent 'knee' in the cosmic ray energy spectrum at an energy of several PeV is still uncertain. A recent mechanism has shown promise, however; this involves particles from a very young pulsar interacting with the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-20 Tadeusz Wibig , Arnold W. Wolfendale