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We study the influence of shower fluctuations, and the possible presence of different nuclear species in the primary cosmic ray spectrum, on the experimental determination of both shower energy and the proton air inelastic cross section…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-05-12 Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz , Ralph Engel , T. K. Gaisser , Jeferson A. Ortiz , Todor Stanev

We present a full model of surface-detector responses to extensive air showers. The model is motivated by the principles of air-shower universality and can be applied to different types of surface detectors. Here we describe a…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-07-24 Maximilian Stadelmaier , Ralph Engel , Markus Roth , David Schmidt , Darko Veberic

The H.E.S.S. experiment entered its phase II with the addition of a new, large telescope named CT 5 that was added to the centre of the existing array of four smaller telescopes. The new telescope is able to detect fainter air showers due…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-09-03 Thomas Murach , Michael Gajdus , Robert Daniel Parsons

In this paper we propose a 'knee-like' approximation of the lateral distribution of the Cherenkov light from extensive air showers in the energy range 30-3000 TeV and study a possibility of its practical application in high energy…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-29 A. Sh. M. Elshoukrofy , E. B. Postnikov , E. E. Korosteleva , L. G. Sveshnikova , H. A. Motaweh

The Pachmarhi Array of Cerenkov Telescopes consists of a distributed array of 25 telescopes that are used to sample the atmospheric Cerenkov Photon showers. Each telescope consists of 7 parabolic mirrors each viewed by a single…

Accurate reconstruction of the electric field produced by extensive air showers is essential for the radio-detection technique, as the key parameters of interest of the primary particles that generated the showers are the amplitude,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-11 Kewen Zhang , Lukas Gülzow , Tim Huege , Ramesh Koirala , Pengxiong Ma , Matías Tueros , Xin Xu , Chao Zhang , Pengfei Zhang , Yi Zhang

Radio detection is now an established technique for the study of ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays with energies above $\sim10^{17}$ eV. The next-generation of radio experiments aims to extend this technique to the observation of UHE…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-05-14 Marion Guelfand , Valentin Decoene , Olivier Martineau-Huynh , Simon Prunet , Matías Tueros , Oscar Macias , Aurélien Benoit-Lévy

The main interest of the present work is in analyzing the lateral distribution function (LDF) of Cherenkov radiation from particles that produced in Extensive Air Showers (EAS). The simulation of Cherenkov radiation LDF is fulfilled by…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-11-13 Zena Fadhel Khadhum , Hassan Abdullah Mahdi , A. A. Al-Rubaiee

The longitudinal profile of the most energetic cosmic-ray air shower measured so far, the event recorded by the Fly's Eye detector with a reconstructed primary energy of about 320 EeV, is compared to simulated shower profiles. The…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 M. Risse , P. Homola , D. Gora , J. Pekala , B. Wilczynska , H. Wilczynski

Under extreme operating conditions, characterized by high particle multiplicity and heavily overlapping shower energy deposits, classical particle flow algorithms encounter pronounced limitations in resolution, efficiency, and accuracy. To…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-05-13 Yu Wang , Yangguang Zhang , Shengxiang Lin , Xingyi Zhang , Han Zhang

Atmospheric scattering of light emitted by an air shower not only attenuates direct fluorescence light from the shower, but also contributes to the observed shower light. So far only direct and singly-scattered Cherenkov photons have been…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2009-06-25 J. Pekala , P. Homola , B. Wilczynska , H. Wilczynski

The Hellenic Open University extensive air shower array (also known as Astroneu array) is a small scale hybrid detection system operating in an area with high levels of electromagnetic noise from anthropogenic activity. In the present study…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-01-18 S. Nonis , A. Leisos , A. Tsirigotis , G. Bourlis , K. Papageorgiou , I. Gkialas , I. Manthos , S. Tzamarias

The angular distribution of Cherenkov light in an air shower is closely linked to that of the shower electrons and positrons. As charged particles in extensive air showers are deflected by the magnetic field of the Earth, a deformation of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-19 Piotr Homola , Ralph Engel , Henryk Wilczyński

For high-energy cosmic-ray physics, it is imperative to determine the mass and energy of the cosmic ray that initiated the air shower in the atmosphere. This information can be extracted from the longitudinal profile of the air shower. In…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-23 O. Scholten , T. N. G. Trinh , S. Buitink , A. Corstanje , B. M. Hare , T. Huege , B. V. Jhansi , K. Mulrey , A. Nelles , H. Schoorlemmer , S. Thoudam , P. Turekova , K. de Vries

Context. The response of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes to incident {\gamma}-ray-initiated showers in the atmosphere changes as the telescopes age due to exposure to light and weather. These aging processes affect the…

The study of cosmic rays in the energy range from 1 to 1000 PeV is crucial for understanding their origins and propagation paths. As part of this research, a new SPHERE-3 installation is being developed, featuring enhanced light sensitivity…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-22 V. A. Ivanov , V. I. Galkin , E. A. Bonvech , T. M. Roganova , D. V. Chernov , D. A. Podgrudkov , M. D. Ziva , V. S. Latypova , C. G. Azra , E. L. Entina

The photon density on the ground is a fundamental quantity in all experiments based on Cherenkov light measurements, e.g. in the Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes (IACT). IACT's are commonly and successfully used in order to search and study…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-18 Dorota Sobczynska

Next-generation air-shower detectors, such as the Global Cosmic Ray Observatory (GCOS) and the Probing Extreme PeVatron Sources (PEPS) experiment, are considering water-Cherenkov detectors as a base design. A key factor in improving the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-08-27 Pierre Billoir , Benjamin Flaggs , Ioana C. Mariş , Andrea Parenti

We have investigated some features of the density and arrival time distributions of Cherenkov photons in extensive air showers using the CORSIKA simulation package. The main thrust of this study is to see the effect of hadronic interaction…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-02-23 P. Hazarika , U. D. Goswami , V. R. Chitnis , B. S. Acharya , G. S. Das , B. B. Singh , R. J. Britto

We describe a method for restoring information lost during statistical thinning in extensive air shower simulations. By converting weighted particles from thinned simulations to swarms of particles with similar characteristics, we obtain a…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2012-05-02 B. T. Stokes , R. Cady , D. Ivanov , J. N. Matthews , G. B. Thomson