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Einstein's general relativity is increasingly important in contemporary physics on the frontiers of both the very largest distance scales (astrophysics and cosmology) and the very smallest(elementary particle physics). This paper makes the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 James B. Hartle

This paper reconstructs the derivations underlying the kinematical part of Einstein's 1905 special relativity paper, emphasizing their operational clarity and minimalist use of mathematics. Einstein employed modest tools-algebraic…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Galina Weinstein

Historians recently rehabilitated Einstein's "physical strategy" for General Relativity (GR). Independently, particle physicists similarly re-derived Einstein's equations for a massless spin 2 field. But why not a light \emph{massive} spin…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2019-10-01 J. Brian Pitts

In the last 100 years, the most important equations in physics are Maxwell's equations for electrodynamics, Einstein's equation for gravity, Dirac's equation for the electron and Yang-Mills equation for elementary particles. Do these…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-05-14 Yuan K. Ha

Attempts to merge Einsteinian gravity with Newtonian run into inconsistencies because in Newton's gravity time is absolute and the speed of gravity is infinite. Such an assumption was in a focus of attention of scientists in 19th century…

General Physics · Physics 2015-08-19 Arkady L. Kholodenko

The power-point presentation \cite{ppt} provided herein shows exactly why Einstein's field equations of his general relativity are based on an illogical approach to representing the observable world. Einstein had, in fact, discarded these…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Sanjay M Wagh

In 1945 Einstein concluded that [1]: 'The present theory of relativity is based on a division of physical reality into a metric field (gravitation) on the one hand, and into an electromagnetic field and matter on the other hand. In reality…

General Physics · Physics 2016-10-13 Johan Bengtsson

In 1917 Einstein introduced into his field equations a cosmological term having the cosmological constant as a coefficient, in order that the theory should yield a static universe. Einstein desired to eliminate absolute space from physics…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2013-09-27 Galina Weinstein

The origin of quantum physics was the discovery of the base unit of electromagnetic action $h$ by Max Planck in 1900 when he analyzed the experimental results of the black body radiation. This permitted Albert Einstein a few years later to…

Jean-Marc Ginoux's recent book, "Poincar\'e, Einstein and the Discovery of Special Relativity: An End to the Controversy" (2024), seeks to close the debate over the respective roles of Poincar\'e and Einstein. Yet what is presented as an…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-09-12 Galina Weinstein

Although Einstein's name is closely linked with the celebrated relation E = mc2 between mass and energy, a critical examination of the more than half dozen "proofs" of this relation that Einstein produced over a span of forty years reveals…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2008-08-14 Hans C. Ohanian

Einstein distinguished between ``principle'' and ``constructive'' theories in physics, and although he thought the latter were more explanatory than the former, he regarded his 1905 formulation of special relativity theory as a principle…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Harvey R. Brown , Oliver Pooley

The Einstein-First project approaches the teaching of Einsteinian physics through the use of physical models and analogies. This paper presents an approach to the teaching of quantum physics which begins by emphasising the particle-nature…

Physics Education · Physics 2017-10-11 Tejinder Kaur , David Blair , John Moschilla , Marjan Zadnik

Einstein's biographer Albrecht F\"olsing explained: Einstein presented his field equations on November 25, 1915, but six days earlier, on November 20, Hilbert had derived the identical field equations for which Einstein had been searching…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2014-12-12 Galina Weinstein

From the very beginning, Quantum Mechanics has been accompanied by crucial foundational questions: the possibility of visualizing physical processes, the limits of measurement epitomized by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Angelo Bassi

I discuss Albert Einstein's 1914 review paper, "The Formal Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity" from two points of view: the main elements in the paper that appear to have led to the downfall of the Einstein-Grossman theory; and…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2012-01-26 Galina Weinstein

Einstein's research manuscripts provide important insights into his exceptional creativity. At the same time, they can present difficulties for a publication in the documentary edition of the Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (CPAE). The…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tilman Sauer

Our conventional understanding of space-time, as well as our notion of geometry, break down once we attempt to describe the very early stages of the evolution of our universe. The extreme physical conditions near the Big Bang necessitate an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-07-16 Mairi Sakellariadou

Sir Arthur Eddington is considered one of the greatest astrophysicist of the twentieth century and yet he gained a stigma when, in the 1930s, he embarked on a quest to develop a unified theory of gravity and quantum mechanics. His attempts…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Ian T. Durham

I discuss Einstein's path-breaking November 1915 General Relativity papers. I show that Einstein's field equations of November 25, 1915 with an additional term on the right hand side involving the trace of the energy-momentum tensor appear…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2012-01-26 Galina Weinstein