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We consider the following model of decision-making by cognitive systems. We present an algorithm -- quantum-like representation algorithm (QLRA) -- which provides a possibility to represent probabilistic data of any origin by complex…

General Physics · Physics 2010-11-30 Andrei Khrennikov

We present a quantum-like (QL) model in that contexts (complexes of e.g. mental, social, biological, economic or even political conditions) are represented by complex probability amplitudes. This approach gives the possibility to apply the…

General Physics · Physics 2016-11-23 Andrei Khrennikov

In this paper we present a simple algorithm for representation of statistical data of any origin by complex probability amplitudes. Numerical simulation with Mathematica-6 is performed. The Bloch's sphere is used for visualization of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-03-11 Andrei Khrennikov

We present a contextualist statistical realistic model for quantum-like representations in physics, cognitive science and psychology. We apply this model to describe cognitive experiments to check quantum-like structures of mental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-12-07 Andrei Khrennikov

The quantum-like representation algorithm (QLRA) was introduced by A. Khrennikov \cite{K1,K2,K3,K4,K5} to solve the "inverse Born's rule problem", i.e. to construct a representation of probabilistic data - measured in any context of science…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-11 Peter Nyman

In this paper, we introduce a new model of selection behavior under risk that describes an essential cognitive process for comparing values of objects and making a selection decision. This model is constructed by the quantum-like approach…

Economics · Quantitative Finance 2018-07-18 Masanari Asano , Irina Basieva , Andrei Khrennikov , Masanori Ohya , Yoshiharu Tanaka

In this paper we continue to study so called ``inverse Born's rule problem'': to construct representation of probabilistic data of any origin by a complex probability amplitude which matches Born's rule. The corresponding algorithm --…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Peter Nyman

Recent works have proposed various explanations for the ability of modern large language models (LLMs) to perform in-context prediction. We propose an alternative conceptual viewpoint from an information-geometric and statistical…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Sreejith Sreekumar , Nir Weinberger

We propose a {\it quantum-like} (QL) model of the functioning of the brain. It should be sharply distinguished from the reductionist {\it quantum} model. By the latter cognition is created by {\it physical quantum processes} in the brain.…

General Physics · Physics 2010-11-30 Andrei Khrennikov

We consider an application of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics (QM) outside physics, namely, to game theory. We present a simple game between macroscopic players, say Alice and Bob (or in a more complex form - Alice, Bob and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-11-30 Andrei Khrennikov

Formalisms inspired by Quantum theory have been used in Cognitive Science for decades. Indeed, Quantum-Like (QL) approaches provide descriptive features that are inherently suitable for perception, cognition, and decision processing. A…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Davide Lanza , Paolo Solinas , Fulvio Mastrogiovanni

Quantum-like modeling (QLM) - quantum theory applications outside of physics - are intensively developed with applications in biology, cognition, psychology, and decision-making. For cognition, QLM should be distinguished from quantum…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-16 Andrei Khrennikov , Makiko Yamada

Recently quantum-like representation algorithm (QLRA) was introduced by A. Khrennikov [20]--[28] to solve the so-called "inverse Born's rule problem": to construct a representation of probabilistic data by a complex or more general (in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-09-10 Peter Nyman

Quantum machine learning (QML) seeks to exploit the intrinsic properties of quantum mechanical systems, including superposition, coherence, and quantum entanglement for classical data processing. However, due to the exponential growth of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-09 Timothy Heightman , Edward Jiang , Ruth Mora-Soto , Maciej Lewenstein , Marcin Płodzień

Parametrised quantum circuits offer expressive and data-efficient representations for machine learning. Due to quantum states residing in a high-dimensional Hilbert space, parametrised quantum circuits have a natural interpretation in terms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 David M. Bossens , Kishor Bharti , Jayne Thompson

This paper presents a simple model that mimics quantum mechanics (QM) results without using complex wavefunctions or non-localities. The proposed model only uses integer-valued quantities and arithmetic operations, in particular assuming a…

General Physics · Physics 2017-01-04 Antonio Sciarretta

We propose a model of quantum-like (QL) processing of mental information. This model is based on quantum information theory. However, in contrast to models of "quantum physical brain" reducing mental activity (at least at the highest level)…

General Physics · Physics 2012-10-09 Andrei Khrennikov

The development of quantum computers has been the stimulus that enables the realization of Quantum Machine Learning (QML), an area that integrates the calculational framework of quantum mechanics with the adaptive properties of classical…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Bhavna Bose , Saurav Verma

Recent work has exposed the idea that interesting quantum-like probability laws, including interference effects, can be manifest in classical systems. Here we propose a model for quantum-like (QL) states and QL bits. We suggest a way that…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-07-02 Gregory D. Scholes

The main contribution of this paper is the introduction of a dynamic logic formalism for reasoning about information flow in composite quantum systems. This builds on our previous work on a complete quantum dynamic logic for single systems.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-05 Alexandru Baltag , Sonja Smets
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