Related papers: Suggestions on photons and fermions

The representation theory of de Sitter space admits partially massless (PM) particles, but whether such particles can participate in consistent interacting theories remains unclear. We investigate the consistency of theories containing PM…

The angular momentum quantum number L of spherical harmonic Y_l_,_m based on an associated Legendre polynomial is nonnegative integer 0 1 2 ... and must never be a fraction. But the study in this paper found that the quantum number L…

An attempt to explain with the classical stands a number of statements of the quantum mechanics has been done. At this the Plank constant appears as consequence of demand of nucleon stability. Proton can be imagined as a rotating disk which…

We derive relativistic equations for charged and neutral spin particles. The approach for higher-spin particles is based on generalizations of the Bargmann-Wigner formalism. Next, we study, what new physical information can the introduction…

We derive the force exerted in the background plasma by an arbitrary distribution of non interacting quasi-particles, corresponding to either collective excitations of the plasma (plasmons, phonons) or em dressed particles (photons,…

We investigate the bound orbits of massive/massless, neutral particles and photons moving around regular black holes of Fan and Wang. For massive particles, we show the existence of stable/unstable circular orbits and the charge dependence…

Knowing the magnitude of the energy flow inherent to zero-point radiation allows us to approach the question of its possible interaction with particles of matter. Its photons are not different from the rest, and must in principle be subject…

We make an attempt to describe the spectrum of masses of elementary particles, as it comes out empirically in six distinct scales. We argue for some rather well defined mass scales, like the electron mass: it seems to us that there is a…

Dark photons, a generic class of light gauge bosons that interact with the Standard Model (SM) exclusively through kinetic mixing, arise naturally in many gauge extensions of the SM. Motivated by these theoretical considerations, we present…

The light front densities of momentum, angular momentum, and intrinsic pressure are calculated for the photon, both in the free case and at leading order in quantum electrodynamics. In the latter case, we moreover decompose the form factors…

There are two long-range forces in the Universe, electromagnetism and gravity.We have found a general expression for the energy of interaction in these cases alphaXhbarXc/r, where alpha is the fine structure constant and r is the distance…

Photons are elementary particles of lights, which have both spin and orbital angular momentum as internal degrees of freedom. Nature of spin is known as polarisation, which is widely used for sunglasses, liquid-crystal displays,…

In the free case, it is possible to define quantum fields which describe particles with integer or half-integer spin larger than one. It is shown that particles with integer spin must have Bose statistic and particles with half-integer-spin…

The past decades have seen substantial interest in the so-called orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light, driven largely by its diverse range of applications. However, there are fundamental theoretical issues with decomposing the angular…

The connected system of Boltzman equations for the interacting system of electrons, positrons and photons in high external electric E and arbitrary magnetic H fields is solved. The consideration is made under the conditions of arbitrary…

I consider electro-weak (EW) masses and interactions generated for photons by vacuum expectation values of Stueckelberg and Higgs fields. I provide a prescription to relate their parametric values to a cosmological range derived from a…

We generalize the mechanical interpretation of the forces between quark and gluon subsystems, previously studied for the nucleon, to arbitrary higher-spin particles. For spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles, this force is characterized by the…

Improved measurements of the proton's structure are now possible thanks to significant technical advances that allow us to probe the proton with polarized photons. These measurements have shown that the proton is not as simple as previously…

The structure of the $\sigma$ meson and the diamagnetism of the nucleon are shown to be topics which are closely related to each other. Arguments are found that the $\sigma$ meson couples to two photons via its non-strange $q\bar{q}$…

We have determined theoretically the rest mass of the muon neutrino at 50 milli-eV and the rest mass of the electron neutrino at 5 meV, as well as, to 1% accuracy, the ratio of the masses of the stable elementary particles which decay by…