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The equivalence of mass and energy is indelibly linked with relativity, both by scientists and in the popular mind. I prove that E = mc^2 by demanding momentum conservation of an object that emits two equal electromagnetic wave packets in…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrew Gould

The mass-energy formula E=mc^2 is thought to be derived by Einstein from special relativity. The present study shows that since the formula has also been derived from classical physics by Einstein, it is not an exclusively relativistic…

General Physics · Physics 2015-10-02 Qing-Ping Ma

The Einstein's mass-energy relation $E=mc^2$ is one of the most fundamental formulae in physics, but it has not been seriously tested by an elaborated experiment, and only some indirect evidences in nuclear reaction suggested that it holds…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-01-09 Ying-Qiu Gu

Since the appearance of Einstein's paper {\em"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"} and the birth of special relativity, it is understood that the theory was basically coded within Maxwell's equations. The celebrated mass-energy…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-06 Alejandro Perez , Salvatore Ribisi

It has recently been claimed that relativity's most famous equation, E = mc^2, has a cosmological basis, representing the gravitational binding energy for a particle to escape from the origin to a gravitational horizon of the universe. In…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-09-25 Geraint F. Lewis

The tight connection between mass and energy unveiled by Special Relativity, summarized by the iconic formula $E = mc^2$, has revolutionized our understanding of nature and even shaped our political world over the past century through its…

Classical Physics · Physics 2020-10-07 Daniel A. Turolla Vanzella

The E=mc^2 relationship is not unique to special relativity. Einstein published one exact derivation from special relativity and two approximate derivations that used general extensions to Newtonian mechanics, and an exact derivation is…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Eric Baird

The energy-mass content of Einstein's E = mc^{2} is well known. For a fixed value of mass, E = mc^{2} is an energy-momentum relation which takes the form E = \sqrt{m^{2} + p^{2}}. This relation was formulated in 1905 for point particles.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Y. S. Kim

The article traces the way Einstein formulated the relation between energy and mass in his work from 1905 to 1955. Einstein emphasized quite often that the mass $m$ of a body is equivalent to its rest energy $E_0$. At the same time he…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 L. B. Okun

Einstein's 1905 derivation of E = mc^2 has been criticized for being circular. Although such criticisms have been challenged it is certainly true that the reasoning in Einstein's original derivation is not at all obvious. Einstein's…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Peter M. Brown

In 1905, Einstein discovered the famous equation: E=mc^2, which means that the rest mass of a particle is some kind of energy. This energy is generally referred to as "rest energy", since the particle is believed to be at rest. This paper…

General Physics · Physics 2013-07-02 E. R. Cazaroto

It is universally believed that with his 1905 paper "Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?" Einstein first demonstrated the equivalence of mass and energy by making use of his special theory of relativity. In the final…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2024-08-19 Tony Rothman

There are several ways to derive Einstein's celebrated formula for the energy of a massive particle at rest, $E=mc^2$. Noether's theorem applied to the relativistic Lagrange function provides an unambiguous and straightforward access to…

Classical Physics · Physics 2023-08-08 A. V. Nenashev , S. D. Baranovskii , F. Gebhard

Our work is an approach between matter and energy. Using the famous equation E = mc^2, Einstein and the Law of Universal Gravitation of Newton, we estimate that a small amount matter converted into energy is needed to lift, using the…

Popular Physics · Physics 2015-09-10 Ricardo Gobato , Alekssander Gobato , Desire Francine Gobato Fedrigo

Manuscript astro-ph/0504486 is a clear example of the fundamental conceptual flaw that had persisted for the past 100 years. Namely, the failure to realize that mass-energy equivalence, as applied to a propagating light particle (photon),…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ezzat G. Bakhoum

This paper is directed to the readers who are familiar with the earlier papers by the author on the topic of mass-energy equivalence. A number of important questions about the total energy equation H=mv^2 and its implications are answered…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ezzat G. Bakhoum

The neutron capture cross section on $^{26}$Mg was measured in the astrophysically relevant energy region from 25 keV to 220 keV. The experimental results agree well with a calculation using the Direct Capture (DC) model together with…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 P. Mohr , H. Oberhummer , H. Beer

The mass-energy relation E=mc2 has a dual origin, one grounded in the postulate of the existence of an aether made of "ultramondane particules" moving in space at the speed of light, c; the other, a consequence, first deduced by Henri…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Jean-Paul Auffray

Six observations based on data and fits to data from a variety of areas are consistent with the hypothesis that the electron neutrino is a $m_{\nu_e}^2 = -0.11 \pm 0.016 eV^2$ tachyon. The data are from areas including CMB fluctuations,…

General Physics · Physics 2015-12-09 Robert Ehrlich

100 years ago Einstein discovered $E=mc^2$, the secret energy stored in ordinary mass. $\Delta H = D(H-H)$ is the chemical energy released in chemical bond formation between two H atoms. The failure to recognize the enormously different…

Physics and Society · Physics 2007-05-23 J. E. Hirsch
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