Physics
The most irreplaceable capability of HST in the 2030s is not only its angular resolution or its UV--optical sensitivity, but its accumulated time baseline. We recommend a Hubble Local Group Astrometric Legacy that would obtain matched 2030s…
Current observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) suggest that star-forming galaxies produce enough ionizing (LyC; $\lambda < 91.2$ nm) photons to drive cosmic reionization, but the efficiency with which these photons escape…
Network psychometrics conceptualises psychological constructs as emergent properties of systems of interacting variables. Energy-based probabilistic models have gained popularity as models of these interactions, but their psychometric…
The spaceflight environment presents unique physicochemical conditions, including microgravity, ionizing radiation, altered fluid transport, and confined engineered habitats, which influence biological systems and biomolecular assembly…
In a low Reynolds number fluid environment that microswimmers encounter, back-and-forth motion cannot lead to net displacement. In mammalian sperm, the mechanical wave propagating along their single flagellum breaks the cancellation between…
This paper tests whether Kolmogorov--Arnold Networks (KAN 2.0) are genuinely more noise-robust than Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP) and XGBoost for stellar classification (star/galaxy/quasar, 100,000 SDSS DR17 objects). A naive comparison…
We investigate conditional diffusion modeling for three-dimensional 21 cm lightcone emulation, focusing on cubes with a sky-plane size of $64\times64$ and a line-of-sight depth up to 1024 cells. Relative to earlier 2D studies, the 3D…
Massive stars play a fundamental role in shaping the evolution of galaxies through feedback, chemical enrichment, and their end products as neutron stars and black holes. Despite major progress in the last decade, key uncertainties remain…
In the era of large-scale photometric surveys, scalable and robust methods for classifying supernova (SN) populations are increasingly necessary. Often, spectroscopy is essential in addition to photometry to reliably classify SNe; however,…
We report a comparison of two state-of-the-art agentic AI systems, Claude Code (Anthropic) and Codex (OpenAI), tasked with autonomously executing a simple end-to-end gravitational wave data analysis pipeline on a shared computing…
Radio arrays provide a scalable route to detecting extensive air showers from ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, but trigger studies for candidate layouts are expensive when every energy, arrival direction, core position and trigger…
Virological measurements are often treated as reports of virion structure, mechanics, dielectric response, infectivity, or titer. In practice, an experiment observes a protocol-conditioned projection of a richer latent virion--environment…
Context. Hydrodynamical cosmological simulations based on the $\Lambda$-Cold Dark Matter ($\Lambda$CDM) model predict that $\sim$40% of the baryons in the local Universe are missing. These missing baryons are predicted to lie in low-density…
Among spectroscopic techniques, Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS) is regarded as one of the most versatile and powerful, but it is limited by small FoVs, complex designs, and high costs. We hereby present ROSSINI: the ROtational Slitless…
Why does the mammalian vascular tree maintain a conserved branching exponent $\alpha^* \approx 2.72$ across a $10^7$-fold range in body mass, despite a fundamental shift from viscous to wave-dominated transport? We prove this universality…
Murray's cubic branching law ($\alpha=3$) predicts a universal diameter scaling exponent for all hierarchical transport networks, yet arterial trees yield $\alpha \sim 2.7-2.9$. We show that this discrepancy has a structural origin:…
Biofilms in porous media critically influence hydraulic properties in environmental and engineered systems. However, a mechanistic understanding of how microbial life controls permeability remains elusive. By combining microfluidics,…
The pursuit-evasion game is studied for two adversarial active agents, modelled as a deterministic self-steering pursuer and a stochastic, cognitive evader. The pursuer chases the evader by reorienting its propulsion direction with limited…
The chemical and mass evolution of exoplanet atmospheres is shaped by their specific X-ray through ultraviolet (5 - 3200 Angstroms) irradiance history. X-ray and EUV (5 - 911 Angstroms) radiation largely contributes to atmospheric heating…
Living cells are energy- and information-processing systems that sustain a nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) by continuously consuming energy and dissipating heat, as required by the second law of thermodynamics. The rate of heat…