General Mathematics
We deal with involution ordered semigroups possessing a greatest element, we introduce the concepts of $*$-regularity, $*$-intra-regularity, $*$-bi-ideal element and $*$-quasi-ideal element in this type of semigroups and, using the right…
Frechet bounds of the 1-st kind for sets of events and its main properties are considered. The lemma on not more than two nonzero values of lower Frechet-bounds of the 1-st kind for a set of half-rare events is proved with the corollary on…
The infamous 3x+1 conjecture spread by Lothar Collatz in 1952, despite its elementary formulation, remained unproved for over 60 years. From the heuristical probabilistic approach to the complex mapping of the algorithm, the scientific…
In this study we follow a new framework for the theory that offers us, other than traditional, a new angle to observe and investigate some relations between finite sets, F-lattice L and their elements. The theory is based on the Fuzzy…
Recently Ruckle \cite{RuckleArithmeticalSummability} introduced the theory of arithmetical summability suggested by the sum $ \sum_{k|m}f(k) $ as $ k $ ranges over the divisors of $m$ including $ 1 $ and $ m .$ Following Ruckle…
Binary representations of the trefoil and other knots of up to ten crossings in the simple cubic lattice were created. The BiEntropy of each knot was computed using a variety of binary encodings and compared against controls. This showed…
We introduce a crisp metric $d_M$ as the common limit of two different nets $(\Delta_{M,\lambda})$ and $(\delta_{M,\lambda})$ of crisp metrics induced by a fuzzy metric $M$ and prove that the existence of each of these limits is equivalent…
This paper establishes calculus upon two physical facts: (1) any average velocity is always between two instantaneous velocities, and (2) the motion of an object is determined once its velocity has been determined. It directly defines…
In this paper we study some properties of Fibonacci-sum set-graphs. The aforesaid graphs are an extension of the notion of Fibonacci-sum graphs to the notion of set-graphs. The colouring of Fibonacci-sum graphs is also discussed. A number…
Let $p_{1}$, ..., $p_{k}$ be the first $k$ odd primes in succession. Let $n$ be an even integer such that $n > p_{k}$. We conjecture that if none of $n - p_{1}$, ..., $n - p_{k}$ are prime, then at least one of them has a prime factor which…
This study considers rational approximations of musical constant $\beta=\log_2(3/2)$, which defines perfect fifth. This constant has been the subject of the numerous studies, and this paper determines quality of rational approximations in…
Generalizations of a metric space is one of the most important research areas in mathematics. In literature ,there are several generalized metric spaces. The latest generalized metric space is b_{v}(s) metric space which is introduced by…
This paper is devoted to the relationships and properties of the endograph metric and the $\Gamma$-convergence. The main contents can be divided into three closely related parts. Firstly, on the class of upper semi-continuous fuzzy sets…
It is well-known that the Lyapunov exponent plays a fundamental role in dynamical systems. In this note, we propose an alternative definition of Lyapunov exponent in terms of Lipschitz maps, which are not necessarily differentiable. We show…
Starting from the symmetrical reflection functional equation of the zeta function, we have found that the sigma values satisfying zeta(s) = 0 must also satisfy both |zeta(s)| = |zeta(1 - s)| and |gamma(s/2)zeta(s)| = |gamma((1 - s)/2)zeta(1…
The paper aim is the axiomatic justification of the theory of experience and chance, one of the dual halves of which is the Kolmogorov probability theory. The author's main idea was the natural inclusion of Kolmogorov's axiomatics of…
We present a new method to calculate analytically the roots of the general complex polynomial of degree three. Thismethod is based on the approach of appropriated changes of variable involving an arbitrary parameter. The advantageof this…
A characterization of flat ideals in the unit interval with the canonical fuzzy order is obtained with the help of the ordinal sum decomposition of continuous t-norms. This characterization will be useful in the study of topological and…
In this paper, considering a wider class of simulation functions some fixed point results for multivalued mappings in $\alpha$-complete metric spaces have been presented. Results obtained in this paper extend and generalize some well-known…
We solve some famous conjectures on the distribution of primes. These conjectures are to be listed as Legendre's, Andrica's, Oppermann's, Brocard's, Cram\'{e}r's, Shanks', and five Smarandache's conjectures. We make use of both…