General Mathematics

In this paper, we introduce the upper and lower approximations on the invers set-valued mapping and the approximations an established on a powerful set valued homomorphism from a ring R1 to power sets of a ring R2. Moreover, the properties…

The so-called holographic principle, originally addressed to the high energy physics, suggests more generally that the information inseparatly bounded with a physical carrier (measured by its entropy) scales as the event horizon surface---a…

The generalized number-theoretic transformation (NPT) is formulated on the basis of the exponential function theorem, which allows us to replace operations modulo the expression as a whole by modulo operations on the exponent of this…

Let G be a Frobenius group with the Frobenius kernel N. Applying character theory, G. Frobenius proved that N was a normal subgroup of G in the year 1901. This is a celebrated application of the character theory of finite groups. In this…

This paper proves that there does not exist a polynomial-time algorithm to the the subset sum problem. As this problem is in NP, the result implies that the class P of problems admitting polynomial-time algorithms does not equal the class…

We present a new proof of a primality criterion first proved by Emmanuel Vantieghem.

We define two categories, the category $\mathfrak{F}\mathfrak{G}$ of fuzzy subgroups, and the category $\mathfrak{F}\mathfrak{C}$ of $F$-inverse covers of inverse monoids, and prove that $\mathfrak{F}\mathfrak{G}$ fully embeds into…

In this paper, we define a graph-theoretic analog for the Riemann tensor and analyze properties of the cyclic symmetry. We have developed a fuzzy graph-theoretic analog of the Riemann tensor and have analyzed its properties. We have also…

We describe the explicit form of a left greatest common divisor and a least common multiple of solutions of a solvable linear matrix equation over a commutative elementary divisor domain. We prove that these left greatest common divisor and…

We study the algebraic structure of the eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian that corresponds to a many-body fermionic system. As the Hamiltonian is quadratic in fermion creation and/or annihilation operators, the system is exactly integrable and…

Based on two point spline approximations of arbitrary order, a series of functions that define lower bounds for sin(x) and sin(x)/x, over the interval [0,Pi/2], with increasingly low relative errors and smaller relative errors than…

A work by Nicolas has shown that if it can be proven that a certain inequality holds for all $n$, the Riemann hypothesis is true. This inequality is associated with the Mertens theorem, and hence the Euler totient at $\prod_{k=1}^n p_k$,…

We give some inclusion relations for arbitrary fuzzy sets with reference to famous inequalities. In particular, we can know that the bounded sum and the algebraic product go well together. We would like to propose the concept of `Fuzzy Set…

The goal of this paper is to formalize the notion of The Compositional Integral in The Complex Plane. We prove a convergence theorem guaranteeing its existence. We prove an analogue of Cauchy's Integral Theorem--and suggest an approach at…

We propose a notion of iterating functions $f:X^{k}\rightarrow X$ in a way that represents recurrence relations of the form $a_{n+k}=f(a_{n},a_{n+1},...,a_{n+k-1})$. We define a function as $n$-involutory when its $n$th iterate is the…

In many mathematical types of research, in order to solve the fuzzy fractional differential equations, we should transform these problems into crisp corresponding problems and by solving them the approximate solution can be obtained. The…

In this paper, we derive the quadratic formula as a consequence of constructively proving the existence of standard and factored forms for general form real quadratic functions. Emphasis is put on connections to graphing of corresponding…

Through an inversion approach, we suggest a possible estimation for the absolute value of Mertens function $\vert M(x) \vert$ that $ \left\vert M(x) \right\vert \sim \left[\frac{1}{\pi \sqrt{\varepsilon}(x+\varepsilon)}\right]\sqrt{x}$…

In this paper we investigate the combinatorical structure of the Kleene type truth tables of all bracketed formulae with n distinct variables connected by the binary connective of implication.

The existing fractional grey prediction models mainly use discrete fractional-order difference and accumulation, but in the actual modeling, continuous fractional-order calculus has been proved to have many excellent properties, such as…