Yi-Lightning Technical Report
Abstract
This technical report presents Yi-Lightning, our latest flagship large language model (LLM). It achieves exceptional performance, ranking 6th overall on Chatbot Arena, with particularly strong results (2nd to 4th place) in specialized categories including Chinese, Math, Coding, and Hard Prompts. Yi-Lightning leverages an enhanced Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture, featuring advanced expert segmentation and routing mechanisms coupled with optimized KV-caching techniques. Our development process encompasses comprehensive pre-training, supervised fine-tuning (SFT), and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), where we devise deliberate strategies for multi-stage training, synthetic data construction, and reward modeling. Furthermore, we implement RAISE (Responsible AI Safety Engine), a four-component framework to address safety issues across pre-training, post-training, and serving phases. Empowered by our scalable super-computing infrastructure, all these innovations substantially reduce training, deployment and inference costs while maintaining high-performance standards. With further evaluations on public academic benchmarks, Yi-Lightning demonstrates competitive performance against top-tier LLMs, while we observe a notable disparity between traditional, static benchmark results and real-world, dynamic human preferences. This observation prompts a critical reassessment of conventional benchmarks' utility in guiding the development of more intelligent and powerful AI systems for practical applications. Yi-Lightning is now available through our developer platform at https://platform.lingyiwanwu.com.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2412.01253,
title = {Yi-Lightning Technical Report},
author = {Alan Wake and Bei Chen and C. X. Lv and Chao Li and Chengen Huang and Chenglin Cai and Chujie Zheng and Daniel Cooper and Fan Zhou and Feng Hu and Ge Zhang and Guoyin Wang and Heng Ji and Howard Qiu and Jiangcheng Zhu and Jun Tian and Katherine Su and Lihuan Zhang and Liying Li and Ming Song and Mou Li and Peng Liu and Qicheng Hu and Shawn Wang and Shijun Zhou and Shiming Yang and Shiyong Li and Tianhang Zhu and Wen Xie and Wenhao Huang and Xiang He and Xiaobo Chen and Xiaohui Hu and Xiaoyi Ren and Xinyao Niu and Yanpeng Li and Yongke Zhao and Yongzhen Luo and Yuchi Xu and Yuxuan Sha and Zhaodong Yan and Zhiyuan Liu and Zirui Zhang and Zonghong Dai},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.01253},
year = {2025}
}