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When Quantization Is Free: An int4 KV Cache That Outruns fp16 on Apple Silicon

Performance 2026-05-08 v1 Artificial Intelligence

Abstract

KV-cache quantization is framed as a quality--latency trade-off. We show it is \emph{inverted} on Apple Silicon's unified memory: a single fused Metal kernel (sign-randomized FFT ++ per-channel λ\lambda ++ per-group abs-max ++ int4 nibble pack), exposed as a HuggingFace \texttt{Cache} subclass, runs \emph{faster than fp16} across 256256--40964096-token prefixes on Gemma-3 1B (3-3 to 8%-8\% ms/tok) and at short context on Qwen2.5-1.5B (0.7-0.7 to 2.6%-2.6\% through 11K), with 3×3\times persistent memory compression and quality preserved (\dPPL=0.000\dPPL = 0.000 Qwen short-prompt; +3.6+3.6 hook \dPPL\dPPL Gemma). The kernel's  ⁣25\sim\!25\,ns/vec overhead is below the bandwidth savings from 3×3\times compression. The fused kernel also closes Qwen's 4-bit per-token catastrophe (\dPPL=+7975+638.6\dPPL = +7975 \to +638.6, 12.5×12.5\times reduction) at 182182\,GFLOPS / D=128D{=}128. Supporting findings: \SRFT\SRFT and \SRHT\SRHT are statistically indistinguishable for KV quality (we pick \SRFT\SRFT for mixed-radix and matrix-multiply alignment); a learned-rotation ablation surfaces a regularization role for the fixed random SRFT base (learning R+λR+\lambda without SRFT lowers calibration MSE 84.9%84.9\% vs 50.3%50.3\% but yields worse PPL); Householder rotations at k=d/2k{=}d/2 reflectors are effectively lossless at d=256d{=}256.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2605.05699,
  title  = {When Quantization Is Free: An int4 KV Cache That Outruns fp16 on Apple Silicon},
  author = {Mohamed Amine Bergach},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.05699},
  year   = {2026}
}