When are time series predictions causal? The potential system and dynamic causal effects

The potential system is a nonparametric time series model for assessing the causal impact of moving an assignment at time $t$ on an outcome at future time $t+h$, accounting for the presence of features. The potential system provides nonparametric content for, e.g., time series experiments, time series regression, local projection, impulse response functions and SVARs. It closes a gap between time series causality and nonparametric cross-sectional causal methods, and provides a foundation for many new methods which have causal content.