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What Multichoice Values Cannot See: The Information Content of Anonymous Values for Games with Graded Participation

Computer Science and Game Theory 2026-08-02 v1

Abstract

In a cooperative game with graded participation, each of nn players acts at one of mm ordered levels; multichoice games, voting with abstention, and graded feature attribution all take this form. We determine exactly what the entire family of linear, player-symmetric values, power indices, and importance measures proposed for this setting, present and future, can and cannot see, for all mm at once. The mechanism is short: the functional computing any one player's payoff under an anonymous value is invariant under permutations of the other n1n-1 players, and by the branching rule such invariants exist only in the Specht constituents (n)(n) and (n1,1)(n-1,1) of (Cm)n(\mathbb{C}^m)^{\otimes n}. Consequences: the joint information of all anonymous values is a component of dimension polynomial in nn against an mnm^n-dimensional game space, with the classical binary theory as the m=2m=2 shadow. Three players can hide: for m3m\ge3 the blind space is nonzero already at n=3n=3, and the first invisible constituent is not a correlation but a chirality, realized by two distinct monotone abstention-voting rules on three voters that every anonymous power index scores identically. For n4n\ge4 the blind space is spanned by ±1\pm1 games on four profiles each. Order-dd interaction probes see exactly the partitions with at most dd cells outside the first row, with full recovery only at d=nn/md=n-\lceil n/m\rceil. Audit evasion gets easier than in the binary theory: a coalition of cc players evades every order-dd audit iff cc/md+1c-\lceil c/m\rceil\ge d+1, so with three or more levels, trios can restructure invisibly to every value-based payment scheme. Algorithmically, the visible part of a game is a polynomial-size, cheaply estimable sketch, while exact computation of any full-support value requires all mn1m^n-1 nonzero queries. All dimension and rank claims are verified computationally.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2608.01527,
  title  = {What Multichoice Values Cannot See: The Information Content of Anonymous Values for Games with Graded Participation},
  author = {Matthew Fried},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.01527},
  year   = {2026}
}

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16 pages