English

What is flat {\Lambda}CDM, and may we choose it?

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics 2023-03-08 v1

Abstract

The Universe is neither homogeneous nor isotropic, but it is close enough that we can reasonably approximate it as such on suitably large scales. The inflationary-Λ\Lambda-Cold Dark Matter (Λ\LambdaCDM) concordance cosmology builds on these assumptions to describe the origin and evolution of fluctuations. With standard assumptions about stress-energy sources, this system is specified by just seven phenomenological parameters, whose precise relations to underlying fundamental theories are complicated and may depend on details of those fields. Nevertheless, it is common practice to set the parameter that characterizes the spatial curvature, ΩK\Omega_K, exactly to zero. This parameter-fixed Λ\LambdaCDM is awarded distinguished status as separate model, "flat Λ\LambdaCDM.'' Ipso facto this places the onus on proponents of "curved Λ\LambdaCDM'' to present sufficient evidence that ΩK0\Omega_K\neq0, and is needed as a parameter. While certain inflationary model Lagrangians, with certain values of their parameters, and certain initial conditions, will lead to a present-day universe well-described as containing zero curvature, this does not justify distinguishing that subset of Lagrangians, parameters and initial conditions into a separate model. Absent any theoretical arguments, we cannot use observations that suggest small ΩK\Omega_K to enforce ΩK=0\Omega_K=0. Our track record in picking inflationary models and their parameters a priori makes such a choice dubious, and concerns about tensions in cosmological parameters and large-angle cosmic-microwave-background anomalies strengthens arguments against this choice. We argue that ΩK\Omega_K must not be set to zero, and that Λ\LambdaCDM remains a phenomenological model with at least 7 parameters.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2207.06547,
  title  = {What is flat {\Lambda}CDM, and may we choose it?},
  author = {Stefano Anselmi and Matthew F. Carney and John T. Giblin and Saurabh Kumar and James B. Mertens and Marcio ODwyer and Glenn D. Starkman and Chi Tian},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.06547},
  year   = {2023}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-25T00:53:52.219Z