Always-on spoken language interfaces, e.g. personal digital assistants, rely on a wake word to start processing spoken input. We present novel methods to train a hybrid DNN/HMM wake word detection system from partially labeled training data, and to use it in on-line applications: (i) we remove the prerequisite of frame-level alignments in the LF-MMI training algorithm, permitting the use of un-transcribed training examples that are annotated only for the presence/absence of the wake word; (ii) we show that the classical keyword/filler model must be supplemented with an explicit non-speech (silence) model for good performance; (iii) we present an FST-based decoder to perform online detection. We evaluate our methods on two real data sets, showing 50%--90% reduction in false rejection rates at pre-specified false alarm rates over the best previously published figures, and re-validate them on a third (large) data set.
@article{arxiv.2005.08347,
title = {Wake Word Detection with Alignment-Free Lattice-Free MMI},
author = {Yiming Wang and Hang Lv and Daniel Povey and Lei Xie and Sanjeev Khudanpur},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.08347},
year = {2020}
}