Voronoi limit measures for iterates of constant-coefficient differential operators on rational functions with simple poles
Abstract
B\o gvad and H\"agg proved that for a rational function with simple poles, the zeros of successive derivatives accumulate on the Voronoi diagram of the pole set, and the normalized zero-counting measures converge to a canonical probability measure supported on this diagram. We extend this result from pure derivatives to iterates of an arbitrary monic constant-coefficient differential operator. Let be a reduced rational function, where is monic of degree with distinct zeros , and let be a monic constant-coefficient differential operator of order . After clearing denominators, we can write and study the zeros of the numerator polynomials . If , then (after passing to the proper part of when ) the associated zero-counting measures converge vaguely to where is the B\o gvad--H\"agg probability measure supported on the Voronoi diagram . In particular, the limit is a probability measure exactly when ; otherwise a proportion of zeros escapes to infinity (in the sense of vague convergence). When , the unshifted logarithmic potentials diverge, but an explicit factorial renormalization yields convergence to a subharmonic limit with Riesz measure . Apart from this scalar factor, the limiting measure is determined solely by the pole configuration; the coefficients of affect only an additive constant in the limiting potential.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2604.05189,
title = {Voronoi limit measures for iterates of constant-coefficient differential operators on rational functions with simple poles},
author = {Bosco Nyandwi and Christian Hägg and Celestin Kurujyibwami and Leon Fidele Ruganzu Uwimbabazi},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.05189},
year = {2026}
}