English

Voronoi limit measures for iterates of constant-coefficient differential operators on rational functions with simple poles

Complex Variables 2026-04-08 v1 Probability

Abstract

B\o gvad and H\"agg proved that for a rational function with simple poles, the zeros of successive derivatives accumulate on the Voronoi diagram of the pole set, and the normalized zero-counting measures converge to a canonical probability measure supported on this diagram. We extend this result from pure derivatives to iterates of an arbitrary monic constant-coefficient differential operator. Let h(z)=A(z)/B(z)h(z)=A(z)/B(z) be a reduced rational function, where BB is monic of degree b2b\ge2 with distinct zeros S={z1,,zb}S=\{z_1,\dots,z_b\}, and let P(D)=j=0mcjDjP(D)=\sum_{j=0}^m c_jD^j be a monic constant-coefficient differential operator of order m1m\ge1. After clearing denominators, we can write P(D)n(h)=A~n/Bmn+1P(D)^n(h)=\widetilde A_n/B^{mn+1} and study the zeros of the numerator polynomials A~n\widetilde A_n. If r:=min{j:cj0}r:=\min\{j:c_j\neq0\}, then (after passing to the proper part of hh when r>0r>0) the associated zero-counting measures converge vaguely to m(b1)bmrμS,\frac{m(b-1)}{bm-r}\,\mu_S, where μS\mu_S is the B\o gvad--H\"agg probability measure supported on the Voronoi diagram VSV_S. In particular, the limit is a probability measure exactly when P(D)=DmP(D)=D^m; otherwise a proportion mrbmr\frac{m-r}{bm-r} of zeros escapes to infinity (in the sense of vague convergence). When r<mr<m, the unshifted logarithmic potentials diverge, but an explicit factorial renormalization yields Lloc1(C)L^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb C) convergence to a subharmonic limit with Riesz measure m(b1)bmrμS\frac{m(b-1)}{bm-r}\,\mu_S. Apart from this scalar factor, the limiting measure is determined solely by the pole configuration; the coefficients of P(D)P(D) affect only an additive constant in the limiting potential.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2604.05189,
  title  = {Voronoi limit measures for iterates of constant-coefficient differential operators on rational functions with simple poles},
  author = {Bosco Nyandwi and Christian Hägg and Celestin Kurujyibwami and Leon Fidele Ruganzu Uwimbabazi},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.05189},
  year   = {2026}
}