Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility has been extensively studied in human cognition but remains relatively unexplored in the context of Visual Large Language Models (VLLMs). This study assesses the cognitive flexibility of state-of-the-art VLLMs (GPT-4o, Gemini-1.5 Pro, and Claude-3.5 Sonnet) using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), a classic measure of set-shifting ability. Our results reveal that VLLMs achieve or surpass human-level set-shifting capabilities under chain-of-thought prompting with text-based inputs. However, their abilities are highly influenced by both input modality and prompting strategy. In addition, we find that through role-playing, VLLMs can simulate various functional deficits aligned with patients having impairments in cognitive flexibility, suggesting that VLLMs may possess a cognitive architecture, at least regarding the ability of set-shifting, similar to the brain. This study reveals the fact that VLLMs have already approached the human level on a key component underlying our higher cognition, and highlights the potential to use them to emulate complex brain processes.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2505.22112,
title = {Visual Large Language Models Exhibit Human-Level Cognitive Flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test},
author = {Guangfu Hao and Frederic Alexandre and Shan Yu},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.22112},
year = {2025}
}