Unveiling and engineering of third order optical nonlinearities in NiCo$_2$O$_4$ nanoflowers

In this paper, we demonstrate NiCo$_2$O$_4$ (NCO) as an efficient new nonlinear optical material with straightforward potential applications in optical limiting devices. We obtain nonlinear absorption coefficient ($\beta$) and nonlinear refractive index ($n_2$) in parallel by performing Z-scan technique, in both open and closed aperture configurations, respectively. To understand the mechanism responsible for third order optical nonlinearity in NCO, we excited the sample with contrasting laser pulse durations, 7 ns and 120 fs, at two different off-resonant wavelengths. For ns excitation, nonlinearity is mediated by excited state absorption (ESA) and free-carrier absorption, that gives rise to large \b{eta}ESA and positive $n_2$. On the other hand, when excited with fs laser, two-photon absorption (TPA) takes place and bound carriers induce strong negative $n_2$. The values obtained for $\beta$ and $n_2$ in NCO are found to be higher among the family of well-known conventional transition metal oxides, therefore are promising for optics and other photonics applications.