Universal Gravitational Waves from Interacting and Clustered Solitons

Causal soliton formation (e.g. oscillons, Q-balls) in the primordial Universe is expected to give rise to a universal gravitational wave (GW) background, at frequencies smaller than scales of nonlinearity. We show that modifications of the soliton density field, driven by soliton interactions or initial conditions, can significantly enhance universal GWs. Gravitational clustering of solitons naturally leads to generation of correlations in the large-scale soliton density field. As we demonstrate for axion-like particle (ALP) oscillons, the growing power spectrum amplifies universal GW signals, opening new avenues for probing the physics of the early Universe with upcoming GW experiments. Our results are applicable to variety of scenarios, such as solitons interacting through a long range Yukawa-like fifth force.