Universal expression for adiabatic pumping in terms of non-equilibrium steady states

We develop a unified treatment of pumping and nonequilibrium thermodynamics. We show that the pumping current generated through an adiabatic mechanical operation in equilibrium can be expressed in terms of the stationary distribution of the corresponding driven nonequilibrium system. We also show that the total transfer in pumping can be evaluated from the work imported to the driven counterpart. These findings lead us to a unified viewpoint for pumping and nonequilibrium thermodynamics.