Universal energy cascade in critically balanced homogeneous ferrofluid turbulence

In ferrofluids, the vorticity is balanced by the rate of particle rotation, which is known here as critical balance. The universal energy cascade is investigated for a stationary and non-stationary incompressible ferrofluid turbulent system using exact relations. The findings reveal that under moderate magnetic fields, kinetic and total energy cascades occur at identical rates. As the external magnetic field strength increases, the total energy cascade becomes non-stationary and differs from the kinetic one. However, the cascade's universal, scale-independent nature remains unaffected. The suppression of turbulence in ferrofluids is observable at strong magnetic fields.