Uniformly Positive Mean Dimension

We study the relation between uniformly positive entropy and uniformly positive mean dimension at the level of fixed open covers. To a symbolic system X, we associate a hub-and-spoke system Spoke(X), obtained by replacing each symbol by a one-dimensional spoke attached to a common hub. We prove that if X admits a shift-invariant measure of full support, then Spoke(X) has completely positive mean dimension. We also prove that if X has uniformly positive entropy, then Spoke(X) has uniformly positive mean dimension. Finally, using symbolic codings of irrational rotations on tori, we construct hub-and-spoke systems with completely positive mean dimension but without uniformly positive mean dimension or uniformly positive entropy. The examples are nondegenerate: the relevant covers have zero mean dimension and zero entropy, but when refined by iterating under the dynamics the corresponding covering numbers are unbounded.