Stigmatizing language results in healthcare inequities, yet there is no universally accepted or standardized lexicon defining which words, terms, or phrases constitute stigmatizing language in healthcare. We conducted a systematic search of the literature to identify existing stigmatizing language lexicons and then analyzed them comparatively to examine: 1) similarities and discrepancies between these lexicons, and 2) the distribution of positive, negative, or neutral terms based on an established sentiment dataset. Our search identified four lexicons. The analysis results revealed moderate semantic similarity among them, and that most stigmatizing terms are related to judgmental expressions by clinicians to describe perceived negative behaviors. Sentiment analysis showed a predominant proportion of negatively classified terms, though variations exist across lexicons. Our findings underscore the need for a standardized lexicon and highlight challenges in defining stigmatizing language in clinical texts.
@article{arxiv.2509.07462,
title = {Understanding Stigmatizing Language Lexicons: A Comparative Analysis in Clinical Contexts},
author = {Yiliang Zhou and Di Hu and Tianchu Lyu and Jasmine Dhillon and Alexandra L. Beck and Gelareh Sadigh and Kai Zheng},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.07462},
year = {2025}
}