Unbounded Gaps Between Ordinary and Equivariant Dehn Surgery Numbers

For a closed oriented $3$-manifold $Y$ and an orientation-preserving involution $\tau$, let $\DS(Y)$ denote the minimum number of components in an integral surgery description of $Y$, and let $\EDS(Y,\tau)$ denote the corresponding minimum among periodic surgery descriptions inducing $\tau$. We prove that for every integer $k\geq 1$ there is a pair $(Y_k,\tau_k)$ such that $$\DS(Y_k)=k, \qquad \EDS(Y_k,\tau_k)=2k.$$ Consequently, the difference $\EDS(Y,\tau)-\DS(Y)$ is unbounded even when $\tau$ is an involution. This answers Problems~1.15(b) and~1.15(c) in the K3 problem list. We also construct infinitely many pairwise nonhomeomorphic irreducible lens spaces $Z$ admitting involutions $\sigma$ for which $$\DS(Z)<\EDS(Z,\sigma).$$