Ultrafast transfer of low-mass payloads to Mars and beyond using aerographite solar sails

With interstellar mission concepts now being under study by various space agencies and institutions, a feasible and worthy interstellar precursor mission concept will be key to the success of the long shot. Here we investigate interstellar-bound trajectories of solar sails made of the ultra-light material aerographite, known for its low density (0.18 kg m$^{-3}$) and high absorptivity ($\mathcal{A}{\sim}1$), enabling remarkable solar irradiation-based acceleration. Payloads of up to 1 kg can swiftly traverse the solar system and the regions beyond. Our simulations consider various launch scenarios from a polar orbit around the Earth with direct outbound trajectories and Sun diver launches with subsequent outward acceleration. Utilizing the poliastro Python library, we calculate positions, velocities, and accelerations for a 1 kg spacecraft (including 720 g aerographite mass) with 10$^4$ m$^2$ of cross-sectional area, corresponding to a 56 m radius. A direct outward Mars transfer yields 65 km s$^{-1}$ in 26 d. The inward Mars transfer, with a sail deployment at a minimum distance of 0.6 AU, achieves 118 km s$^{-1}$ in 126 d. Transfer times and velocities vary due to the Earth-Mars constellation and initial injection trajectory. The direct interstellar trajectory peaks at 109 km s$^{-1}$, reaching interstellar space in 5.3 yr defined by the heliopause at 120 AU. Alternatively, the initial Sun dive to 0.6 AU provides 148 km s$^{-1}$ of escape velocity, reaching the heliopause in 4.2 yr. Values differ based on the minimum distance to the Sun. Presented concepts enable swift Mars flybys and interstellar space exploration. For delivery missions of sub-kg payloads, the deceleration remains a challenge.