Two-loop vacuum polarization in a Coulomb field
Abstract
The leading-order two-loop vacuum-polarization potential, linear in the Coulomb field of a nucleus, was first derived in the seminal 1955 work of K\"all\'en-Sabry. The higher-order two-loop vacuum-polarization corrections, however, have remained unknown until now. In this work, we compute Coulomb corrections to the K\"all\'en-Sabry potential, specifically those involving three, five, and seven Coulomb interactions inside the vacuum-polarization loop. The potentials are evaluated in momentum space and subsequently used to calculate one-electron energy shifts. Our results drastically reduce the theoretical uncertainty of the two-loop vacuum-polarization contribution to transition energies, which is required for next-generation tests of bound-state QED in heavy one and few-electron ions as well as for the determination of nuclear charge radii.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2509.03284,
title = {Two-loop vacuum polarization in a Coulomb field},
author = {S. A. Volkov and V. A. Yerokhin and Z. Harman and C. H. Keitel},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.03284},
year = {2025}
}