Two dimensional photonic crystals

The topology, the symmetry involving the shape of dielectric cylinders, and the lattice structure are among the most important ingredients in the architecture of photonic crystals. In this paper, we present a systematic derivation of the formulas which are needed in computing the photonic band structures of many commonly used two dimensional lattice structures and dielectric cylinders with various kinds of symmetries and rotations. Further the results are applied to arrays of hollow cross-shaped cylinders embedded in the alumina ceramic background. A large complete photonic band gap is found in the high frequency regime.