Magnetoelectric responses are related in general to magnetic multipoles, and in particular the off-diagonal linear response is proportional to the toroidization order parameter. In multiferroics with three order parameters (polarization, magnetization, and toroidization), such response turns out to be also proportional to the trilinear coupling between the order parameters. Here we explore this scenario, discussing the effects of such trilinear coupling within a Landau theory framework, and using ab initio calculations to discuss a specific model system for this effect, namely the recently predicted three-order-parameter multiferroic metal Bi5Mn5O17.
@article{arxiv.2503.11939,
title = {Trilinear coupling and toroidicity in multiferroics},
author = {Andrea Urru and Alessio Filippetti and Jorge Íñiguez-Gonzàlez and Vincenzo Fiorentini},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.11939},
year = {2025}
}