In this paper, we explore the possibility of building a unified foundation model that can be adapted to both vision-only and text-only tasks. Starting from BERT and ViT, we design a unified transformer consisting of modality-specific tokenizers, a shared transformer encoder, and task-specific output heads. To efficiently pre-train the proposed model jointly on unpaired images and text, we propose two novel techniques: (i) We employ the separately-trained BERT and ViT models as teachers and apply knowledge distillation to provide additional, accurate supervision signals for the joint training; (ii) We propose a novel gradient masking strategy to balance the parameter updates from the image and text pre-training losses. We evaluate the jointly pre-trained transformer by fine-tuning it on image classification tasks and natural language understanding tasks, respectively. The experiments show that the resultant unified foundation transformer works surprisingly well on both the vision-only and text-only tasks, and the proposed knowledge distillation and gradient masking strategy can effectively lift the performance to approach the level of separately-trained models.
@article{arxiv.2112.07074,
title = {Towards a Unified Foundation Model: Jointly Pre-Training Transformers on Unpaired Images and Text},
author = {Qing Li and Boqing Gong and Yin Cui and Dan Kondratyuk and Xianzhi Du and Ming-Hsuan Yang and Matthew Brown},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.07074},
year = {2021}
}