Three's a crowd: Identification challenges in the triple difference model with spillover effects
Econometrics
2026-01-23 v1
Abstract
The paper studies identification in triple-difference designs when spillover effects contaminate one or more control groups. We show that, under conventional identifying assumptions, the triple-difference model fails to identify both the treatment effect and the spillover effect under such interference. To overcome this limitation, we propose an alternative specification, the double-triple-difference model, and explicitly formalize identifying assumptions and spillover structures required for consistent identification of both effects. We derive formal identification results and assess the performance of the proposed model through Monte Carlo simulations. An empirical application evaluating a Special Economic Zone in Italy is provided.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2601.15764,
title = {Three's a crowd: Identification challenges in the triple difference model with spillover effects},
author = {Silvia De Nicolò and Beatrice Biondi and Mario Mazzocchi},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.15764},
year = {2026}
}