Thickening of viscoelastic flow in a model porous medium

We study numerically two-dimensional creeping viscoelastic flow past a biperiodic square array of cylinders within the Oldroyd B, FENE-CR and FENE-P constitutive models of dilute polymer solutions. Our results capture the initial mild decrease then dramatic upturn ('thickening') seen experimentally in the drag coefficient as a function of increasing Weissenberg number. By systematically varying the porosity of the flow geometry, we demonstrate two qualitatively different mechanisms underpinning this thickening effect: one that operates in the highly porous case of widely spaced obstacles, and another for more densely packed obstacles, with a crossover between these two mechanisms at intermediate porosities. We also briefly consider 2D creeping viscoelastic flow past a linear array of cylinders confined to a channel, where we find that the flow is steady for all Weissenberg numbers explored.