Thermodynamic and Kinetic Bounds for Finite-frequency Fluctuation-Response
Abstract
Fluctuation-response relations encode fundamental constraints on nonequilibrium systems. While time-domain static response is bounded by activity and entropy production, finite-frequency extensions for time-dependent perturbations remain largely unexplored. Here, we derive frequency-domain fluctuation-response inequalities for steady-state Markov processes with time-dependent perturbations. For barrier and entropic perturbations, the spectral signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is universally bounded by dynamical activity. Furthermore, for state-current observables, the SNR is bounded by the entropy production rate (EPR). We illustrate our results using the F1-ATPase model to infer EPR. These finite-frequency inequalities provide a practical route to infer dissipation from power spectra measurements.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2602.18631,
title = {Thermodynamic and Kinetic Bounds for Finite-frequency Fluctuation-Response},
author = {Jiming Zheng and Zhiyue Lu},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.18631},
year = {2026}
}