Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator
Abstract
Understanding how interacting particles approach thermal equilibrium is a major challenge of quantum simulators. Unlocking the full potential of such systems toward this goal requires flexible initial state preparation, precise time evolution, and extensive probes for final state characterization. We present a quantum simulator comprising 69 superconducting qubits which supports both universal quantum gates and high-fidelity analog evolution, with performance beyond the reach of classical simulation in cross-entropy benchmarking experiments. Emulating a two-dimensional (2D) XY quantum magnet, we leverage a wide range of measurement techniques to study quantum states after ramps from an antiferromagnetic initial state. We observe signatures of the classical Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition, as well as strong deviations from Kibble-Zurek scaling predictions attributed to the interplay between quantum and classical coarsening of the correlated domains. This interpretation is corroborated by injecting variable energy density into the initial state, which enables studying the effects of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) in targeted parts of the eigenspectrum. Finally, we digitally prepare the system in pairwise-entangled dimer states and image the transport of energy and vorticity during thermalization. These results establish the efficacy of superconducting analog-digital quantum processors for preparing states across many-body spectra and unveiling their thermalization dynamics.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2405.17385,
title = {Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator},
author = {Trond I. Andersen and Nikita Astrakhantsev and Amir H. Karamlou and Julia Berndtsson and Johannes Motruk and Aaron Szasz and Jonathan A. Gross and Alexander Schuckert and Tom Westerhout and Yaxing Zhang and Ebrahim Forati and Dario Rossi and Bryce Kobrin and Agustin Di Paolo and Andrey R. Klots and Ilya Drozdov and Vladislav D. Kurilovich and Andre Petukhov and Lev B. Ioffe and Andreas Elben and Aniket Rath and Vittorio Vitale and Benoit Vermersch and Rajeev Acharya and Laleh Aghababaie Beni and Kyle Anderson and Markus Ansmann and Frank Arute and Kunal Arya and Abraham Asfaw and Juan Atalaya and Brian Ballard and Joseph C. Bardin and Andreas Bengtsson and Alexander Bilmes and Gina Bortoli and Alexandre Bourassa and Jenna Bovaird and Leon Brill and Michael Broughton and David A. Browne and Brett Buchea and Bob B. Buckley and David A. Buell and Tim Burger and Brian Burkett and Nicholas Bushnell and Anthony Cabrera and Juan Campero and Hung-Shen Chang and Zijun Chen and Ben Chiaro and Jahan Claes and Agnetta Y. Cleland and Josh Cogan and Roberto Collins and Paul Conner and William Courtney and Alexander L. Crook and Sayan Das and Dripto M. Debroy and Laura De Lorenzo and Alexander Del Toro Barba and Sean Demura and Paul Donohoe and Andrew Dunsworth and Clint Earle and Alec Eickbusch and Aviv Moshe Elbag and Mahmoud Elzouka and Catherine Erickson and Lara Faoro and Reza Fatemi and Vinicius S. Ferreira and Leslie Flores Burgos and Austin G. Fowler and Brooks Foxen and Suhas Ganjam and Robert Gasca and William Giang and Craig Gidney and Dar Gilboa and Marissa Giustina and Raja Gosula and Alejandro Grajales Dau and Dietrich Graumann and Alex Greene and Steve Habegger and Michael C. Hamilton and Monica Hansen and Matthew P. Harrigan and Sean D. Harrington and Stephen Heslin and Paula Heu and Gordon Hill and Markus R. Hoffmann and Hsin-Yuan Huang and Trent Huang and Ashley Huff and William J. Huggins and Sergei V. Isakov and Evan Jeffrey and Zhang Jiang and Cody Jones and Stephen Jordan and Chaitali Joshi and Pavol Juhas and Dvir Kafri and Hui Kang and Kostyantyn Kechedzhi and Trupti Khaire and Tanuj Khattar and Mostafa Khezri and Mária Kieferová and Seon Kim and Alexei Kitaev and Paul V. Klimov and Alexander N. Korotkov and Fedor Kostritsa and John Mark Kreikebaum and David Landhuis and Brandon W. Langley and Pavel Laptev and Kim-Ming Lau and Loïck Le Guevel and Justin Ledford and Joonho Lee and Kenny Lee and Yuri D. Lensky and Brian J. Lester and Wing Yan Li and Alexander T. Lill and Wayne Liu and William P. Livingston and Aditya Locharla and Daniel Lundahl and Aaron Lunt and Sid Madhuk and Ashley Maloney and Salvatore Mandrà and Leigh S. Martin and Orion Martin and Steven Martin and Cameron Maxfield and Jarrod R. McClean and Matt McEwen and Seneca Meeks and Kevin C. Miao and Amanda Mieszala and Sebastian Molina and Shirin Montazeri and Alexis Morvan and Ramis Movassagh and Charles Neill and Ani Nersisyan and Michael Newman and Anthony Nguyen and Murray Nguyen and Chia-Hung Ni and Murphy Yuezhen Niu and William D. Oliver and Kristoffer Ottosson and Alex Pizzuto and Rebecca Potter and Orion Pritchard and Leonid P. Pryadko and Chris Quintana and Matthew J. Reagor and David M. Rhodes and Gabrielle Roberts and Charles Rocque and Eliott Rosenberg and Nicholas C. Rubin and Negar Saei and Kannan Sankaragomathi and Kevin J. Satzinger and Henry F. Schurkus and Christopher Schuster and Michael J. Shearn and Aaron Shorter and Noah Shutty and Vladimir Shvarts and Volodymyr Sivak and Jindra Skruzny and Spencer Small and W. Clarke Smith and Sofia Springer and George Sterling and Jordan Suchard and Marco Szalay and Alex Sztein and Douglas Thor and Alfredo Torres and M. Mert Torunbalci and Abeer Vaishnav and Sergey Vdovichev and Benjamin Villalonga and Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller and Steven Waltman and Shannon X. Wang and Theodore White and Kristi Wong and Bryan W. Woo and Cheng Xing and Z. Jamie Yao and Ping Yeh and Bicheng Ying and Juhwan Yoo and Noureldin Yosri and Grayson Young and Adam Zalcman and Ningfeng Zhu and Nicholas Zobrist and Hartmut Neven and Ryan Babbush and Sergio Boixo and Jeremy Hilton and Erik Lucero and Anthony Megrant and Julian Kelly and Yu Chen and Vadim Smelyanskiy and Guifre Vidal and Pedram Roushan and Andreas M. Lauchli and Dmitry A. Abanin and Xiao Mi},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.17385},
year = {2024}
}